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ENGRI111_16_energy
Course: MSE 111, Fall 2007School: Cornell
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111 ENERGY ENGRI TRENDS Vision Daniel M. Kammen, Scientific American, Sept. 2006 The stone age did not end because of lack of stone and the oil age will end long before the world runs out of oil Sheikh Saki Yamani, Oil Minister, Saudi Arabia Solar Energy Solar cells/photovoltaics Solar-thermal systems Can produce electricity D.M. Kammen, Scientific American, Sept. 2006 Fuel Cells www.gm.com...
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111
ENERGY ENGRI TRENDS
Vision
Daniel M. Kammen, Scientific American, Sept. 2006
The stone age did not end because of lack of stone and the oil age will end long before the world runs out of oil
Sheikh Saki Yamani, Oil Minister, Saudi Arabia
Solar Energy
Solar cells/photovoltaics Solar-thermal systems
Can produce electricity
D.M. Kammen, Scientific American, Sept. 2006
Fuel Cells
www.gm.com
www.pcworld.com
www.theregister.co.uk
Hybrids
Batteries
Wind Energy
www.trentmesa.com
Biofuels
www.fas.usda.gov
Issues
Economic growth demands more energy
Coal for powering factories Oil for powering cars Natural gas for heating homes
All these sources are carbon based Carbon emissions will keep increasing Concerns for global warming
Global Warming?
Ice Breakup and Collapse
http://www.climatehotmap.org
Environmental Footprint
D.M. Kammen, Scientific American, Sept. 2006
Interest in Renewable Sources
Solar cells Wind turbines Biofuels
Ethanol and other fuel derived from plants
Besides environmental benefits renewable sources reduce dependency on fossil fuels
Solar Cells/Photovoltaics
Based on semiconductors: convert sunlight into electricity Global capacity 5,000 MW (.15 % of total) Sunlight could potentially supply 5,000 times world energy Cost needs 20-25 cents/kW-hr
Energy Costs
Source Coal Natural gas Solar Cells Fuel Cells Nuclear Biomass Price (cents/kW-hr) 4-6 5-7 20-25 8-9 2-12 6-9
Fuel Cell
HYDROGEN + OXYGEN
WATER + ELECTRICAL ENERGY
Wind Energy
Capacity 60,000 MW (0.5% US production) Because of tax credits competitive with electricity produced by coal-fired plants Issues
NIMBY
Wind Power Production
Biofuels
Ethanol from corn $2B annual subsidy
Energy to harvest corn, refine ethanol Environmental footprint (fertilizers etc)
Ethanol from switchgrass
bioenergy.ornl.gov
Are we Doing Enough?
D.M. Kammen, Scientific American, Sept. 2006
Are we Doing Enough?
Total Energy Consumption
TOE: Ton Oil Equivalent: Energy released burning 1 ton of crude oil bp.com
Oil Section
bp.com
Oil Consumption by Area
OECD: Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development
bp.com
EME: Emerging Market Economies
Map of Proved Oil Reserves
bp.com
Oil Consumption per Capita
bp.com
Oil Reserves-to-Production (R/P) Ratios
bp.com
Crude Oil Prices Since 1861
bp.com
Natural Gas
Proved Natural Gas Reserves
Natural Gas Reserves-toProduction (R/P) Ratios
Natural Gas Consumption per Capita
Price of Natural Gas
Coal
Proved Coal Reserves
Coal Production Coal Consumption
Price of Coal
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