1305 Psy Exam 1 Study guide - Spring 2008 (Ch 1, 18, 8, 9, Timeline, Prologue, Appendix A) Page numbers are for Myers' Psychology, Eighth Edition.
Intro, scientific method/thinking critically, statistics (Prologue, Ch 1) Define psychology (notes & p. 2, 7 & 8). Where are its roots (which disciplines)? Know neuroscience, behaviorist, cognitive, psychodynamic, social, evolutionary/genetic & developmental perspectives (see Table 1, p. 11). Which subspecialty has medical degree & can prescribe meds (p. 13)? What is the difference between basic and applied research (p. 12-13)? Understand the nature/nurture issue (p. 9 & Learning Outcomes, p. 14 may help.). Define hindsight bias (p.20-21). What is the value of a psychological theory (p. 24-26)? Know case study, survey & naturalistic observation (p.26-30). Understand correlation (positive & negative, what can correlation tell, what can it NOT tell you, ie. what do correlation finding allow us to do (p.30-33).....what do experimental findings allow us to do (p. 36-39) ?) What is an illusory correlation and why do we tend to believe them (p. 33-34)? Know blind, double blind, placebo, control group, treatment or experimental group, dependent variable, independent variable (p. 3638). Measures of central tendency: mean, median, mode (p. 40-41). Measures of variation: range, standard deviation (p. 41-42). On p.42-3, what are 3 things that increase the reliability of an observed difference? Appendix A List the top 3 occupations that employ people with a bachelor's degree in psychology (p. A-2). What is the difference between an education psychologist (p. A-6) and a school psychologist (p. A-8)? History of psych (Prologue, Timeline, Lecture) The timeline w/people is on the inside front and back covers. What are the 4 basic goals of psychology (lecture & p. 44)? Know Aristole, Plato, which futrue psychologists agreed with their different viewpoints (notes & p. 14)? Know Decartes, Socrates, dualist, monists. Both Darwin (concerning physical characteristics) and James (concerning thinking & psychological characteristic) thought traits developed because they severed a purpose - they were adaptive. Who discovered the 'savings effect'? Know Skinner & Waston, behaviorists. Pavlov, associative learning. See p. 6 for the fields of study of the early 'psychologists'. Freud, psychoanalysis. Wundt, first psych lab, Wundt & Titcher used what technique (lecture, p. 4)? Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow are associated with which branch of psychology (p. 7)? From the lecture: Ramon Y Cajal, Otto Lowei, Pierre Paul Broca (also p. 81, 63). In what century did psychology become a discipline? Appendix A: What standardized test is usually required by graduate schools (A-9)? Besides preparing for and taking this exam, what does your text suggest as preparation for gaining admission to graduate school besides networking, being actively involved in research and volunteering in a psych-related field (A-8)? Chapter 8 Learning Define learning as a `behaviorist' would. Why is learning important (p. 313)? Define 'conditioning' (p. 314). What is meant by the term 'behaviorist' and who do we associate with this term? Define, know, understand, and be able to apply the following theories of leaning: associative/classical learning, operant conditioning, observational learning. Know UCS, UCR, CS, CR, extinction in (know terms of UCS, etc), spontaneous recovery (p. 319), generalization, discrimination (p. 320-321), shaping (p. 328), reinforcement schedules: continuous vs partial, variable, fixed, ratio, interval (p. 330-332). Which psychologist do we associate with each theory? Know Pavlov's experiments. How many years of his life did Pavlov devoted to his experiments on the digestive system, on learning (p. 316), what recognition did he get for his early work? What is a Skinner box? Know & understand punishment & reward (reinforcement), both positive & negative (p. 332-3, 329). Pavlov, Thorndike (Law of effect), Skinner, Watson, Bandura (which of these people are classified as behaviorists?). What is a biological disposition, how does it affect learning (know examples), who is Garcia (p. 321-323 & 335-6)? TV & observational learning p. 338, Know extrinsic & intrinsic motivation (p. 335). Who was Bandura? Why is the Bobo doll important? What are mirror neurons (p. 341)? What is observational learning,
modeling? According to studies reported in your text, what two diffferent ways may viewing violence on television influence behavior and attitudes (p. 345-6)? Chapter 9 Memory Define memory (p. 349), what are the 3 steps in 'information processing' (p. 351)? What are the 3 types of encoding p. 353 (visual, acoustic/phonological, semantic (meaning). Know the types of memory & specifics of each: sensory, short term/working, long term, conscious, unconscious, procedural, implicit & explicit memory (p. 367) & brain structures for each (which is associated with the hippocampus, which with the cerebellum (p. 368-9)?). Define and understand rehearsal, over-learning & the spacing effect (p. 354-5), chunking (p. 359), hierarchies (p. 360), elaboration. Know iconic and echoic (p. 362). Storage: what is LTP (p. 365). What is priming (p. 362) (remember the in class example), context (p. 372)? What is the method of loci? Name 3 reasons memory can fail (p. 376-380). Who was Clive Wearing (music man)? What does he have in common with HM (the person learned to drive the standard car but couldn't remember doing so)? What is the serial position effect, primacy & recency (p. 356)? Mood congruent memory (p. 374), flashbulb memories, false memories. Which is memory really like: videotape or a kaleidoscopic reconstruction? Recognition vs recall...which is better (allows us to remember more)? Who is Elizabeth Loftus and what did she challenge (p. 387-390)? What are some things your text suggests on p. 391 of improving memory? (Go to next page.) Chapter 11, Intelligence Who created the first intelligence test, what was the purpose of the first intelligence test (p. 443)? What is mental age (p. 420)? What is the intelligence quotient and who created it (443-4)? Who was Terman and what was the `Stanfod-Binet? Define Spearman's 'g' factor (p. 432 & 436), Garnder's multiple intelligences (p. 433-434 & 436), savant syndrome (which theory of intelligence does it support?) p. 433. What is creative intelligence (p. 438-39)? Why are neurological speed & perceptual speed important (p. 441)? What is the WAIS, what are the 2 main subscales (p. 445-6). What are the high & low extremes of intelligence (p. 452-3) Define reliability & validity (p. 448-9). What do we mean when we say intelligence is multiply defined (p. 431)?