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Course: CPSC 410, Fall 2009School: Christopher Newport...
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Lecture Notes <a href="/keyword/operating-systems/" ><a href="/keyword/operating-system/" >operating system</a> s</a> Dr. Ming Zhang Tel: +1 (757) 594 7065 Fax: +1 (757) 594 7919 Office: Gosnold Hall 223 Email: mzhang@pcs.cnu.edu URL: http://www.pcs.cnu.edu/~mzhang http://www.DrMingZhang.com http://j2ee.pcs.cnu.edu/moodle...
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Lecture Notes <a href="/keyword/operating-systems/" ><a href="/keyword/operating-system/" >operating system</a> s</a> Dr. Ming Zhang Tel: +1 (757) 594 7065 Fax: +1 (757) 594 7919 Office: Gosnold Hall 223 Email: mzhang@pcs.cnu.edu URL: http://www.pcs.cnu.edu/~mzhang http://www.DrMingZhang.com http://j2ee.pcs.cnu.edu/moodle <a href="/keyword/operating-systems/" ><a href="/keyword/operating-system/" >operating system</a> s</a> Subject Introduction Dr. Ming Zhang Contents of Operation Systems (1) * Operation System * Processes * Concurrency& UNIX Concurrency Mechanisms * Memory Memory Management Virtual Memory * Scheduling Uniprocessor Scheduling Multiprocessor Scheduling * Input/Output and Files * Distributed Systems (CPSC 450) * Security(CPSC 450) Network Programming Overview Dr. Ming Zhang Contents of Operation Systems (2) * Processes Process Description Process Environment Process Control Threads SMP (symmetric Multiprocessing) Microkernel <a href="/keyword/operating-systems/" ><a href="/keyword/operating-system/" >operating system</a> s</a> Subject Introduction Dr. Ming Zhang Contents of Operation Systems (3) * Concurrency Mutual Exclusion Synchronization Dead Lock Starvation <a href="/keyword/operating-systems/" ><a href="/keyword/operating-system/" >operating system</a> s</a> Subject Introduction Dr. Ming Zhang Contents of Operation Systems (4) * Memory Management * Scheduling (Uniprocessor Scheduling) First Come First Served (FCFS) Round Robin (RR): q=1; q=4 Shortest Process Next (SPN) Shortest Remaining Time (SRT) Highest Response Ratio Next (HRRN) Feedback q=1; q=2i Disk Scheduling Fire Organization buddy System Paging * Input/Output and Files Network Programming Overview Dr. Ming Zhang Prescribed Text William Stalling <a href="/keyword/operating-systems/" ><a href="/keyword/operating-system/" >operating system</a> s</a> Internal and Design Principles 2005, Fifth Edition Prentice Hall INSB: 0 13 147954 Winner of the 1998 text award for the best computer science and engineering textbook <a href="/keyword/operating-systems/" ><a href="/keyword/operating-system/" >operating system</a> s</a> Subject Introduction Dr. Ming Zhang Exercises/Homework Exercise/Homework <a href="/keyword/operating-systems/" ><a href="/keyword/operating-system/" >operating system</a> s</a> Subject Introduction Dr. Ming Zhang Tests * Test 1: * Test 2: * Test 3: <a href="/keyword/operating-systems/" ><a href="/keyword/operating-system/" >operating system</a> s</a> Subject Introduction Dr. Ming Zhang Project: Construction of a Larger System Programming: 2,000 3,000 Lines Project Report: 3,000 words Oral Presentation: 5 minutes per person <a href="/keyword/operating-systems/" ><a href="/keyword/operating-system/" >operating system</a> s</a> Subject Introduction Dr. Ming Zhang Final Examination * Time 2.5 hours <a href="/keyword/operating-systems/" ><a href="/keyword/operating-system/" >operating system</a> s</a> Subject Introduction Dr. Ming Zhang <a href="/keyword/operating-systems/" ><a href="/keyword/operating-system/" >operating system</a> s</a> History <a href="/keyword/operating-systems/" ><a href="/keyword/operating-system/" >operating system</a> s</a> Subroutine Batch monitor Buffering and interrupt Multiprogramming Interactive timesharing Preemptive scheduling Distributed <a href="/keyword/operating-systems/" ><a href="/keyword/operating-system/" >operating system</a> s</a> Network and Computer Security <a href="/keyword/operating-system/" >operating system</a> A program that controls the execution of application programs An interface between the user and hardware Masks the details of the hardware What is an <a href="/keyword/operating-system/" >operating system</a> ? Hard to define precisely because <a href="/keyword/operating-systems/" ><a href="/keyword/operating-system/" >operating system</a> s</a> arose historically as people needed to solve problems associated with using computers. In the beginning: Expensive Hardware, Cheap People Goal: maximize hardware, utilization. Now: Cheap Hardware, Expensive People Goal: make it easy for people to use computer Layers and Views of a Computer System End User Programmer Application Programs Utilities Operating-System Computer Hardware OperatingSystem Designer Problem: code to manipulate external I/O devices Solution: Build a subroutine library (device drivers) to manage the interaction with the I/O devices. The library is loaded into the top of memory and stays there. This is the first example of something that would grow into an <a href="/keyword/operating-system/" >operating system</a> . Because the machine is so expensive, it is important to keep it busy. Services Provided by the <a href="/keyword/operating-system/" >operating system</a> Program creation editors and debuggers Program execution Access to I/O devices Controlled access to files System access Services Provided by the <a href="/keyword/operating-system/" >operating system</a> Error detection and response internal and external hardware errors memory error device failure software errors arithmetic overflow access forbidden memory locations <a href="/keyword/operating-system/" >operating system</a> cannot grant request of application Services Provided by the <a href="/keyword/operating-system/" >operating system</a> Accounting collect statistics monitor performance used for billing users <a href="/keyword/operating-system/" >operating system</a> It is actually a program Directs the processor in the use of system resources Directs the processor when executing other programs Processor stops executing the <a href="/keyword/operating-system/" >operating system</a> in order to execute other programs <a href="/keyword/operating-system/" >operating system</a> as a Resource Manager Computer System Memory <a href="/keyword/operating-system/" >operating system</a> Software Programs and Data I/O Controller I/O Controller . . . I/O Controller Processor . .. Processor O/S Programs Data Problem: computer idles while programmer sets things up Solution: Build a batch monitor. Store jobs on a disk (spooling), have computer read them in one at a time and execute them. Big change in computer usage: debugging now done offline from print outs and memory dumps. No more instant feedback. Monitors Software that controls the running programs Batch <a href="/keyword/operating-system/" >operating system</a> Jobs are batched together Resident monitor is in main memory and available for execution Monitor utilities are loaded when needed Memory Layout For a Resident Monitor Interrupt Processing Device Drivers Job Sequencing Control Language Interpreter Monitor Boundary User Program Area Problem: At any given time, job is actively using either the CPU or an I/O device, and the rest of the machine is idle and therefore unutilized Solution: Allow the job to overlap computation and I/O. Buffering and interrupt handling added to subroutine library. Hardware Features Memory protection do not allow the memory area containing the monitor to be altered Timer prevents a job from monopolizing the system an interrupt occurs when time expires Hardware Features Privileged instructions executed only by the monitor an interrupt occurs if a program tries these instructions Interrupts provides flexibility for controlling user programs Problem: one job can't keep both CPU and I/O devices busy. Get poor utilization either of CPU or I/O devices. Solution: multiprogramming several jobs share system. Dynamically switch from one job to another when the running job does I/O. Multiprogramming or Multitasking Allows the processor to execute another program while one program must wait for an I/O device. Run Wait Time Run Wait Run A Run B Time Wait Run A Run B Wait Example JOB1 Type of job Duration JOB2 JOB3 Heavy I/O 10 min. 80 K Yes No Yes Heavy compute Heavy I/O 5 min. 15 min. 100 K No Yes No Memory required 50K Need disk? Need terminal Need printer? No No No Effects of Multiprogramming Uniprogramming Processor use Memory use Disk use Printer use Throughput rate 17% 30% 33% 33% 6 jobs/hr Multiprogramming 33% 67% 67% 67% 12 jobs/hr 10 min. Mean response time 18 min. Big issue: protection Don't want one job to affect the results of another. Memory protection and relocation added to hardware, OS must manage new hardware functionality. OS starts to become a significant software system. OS also starts to tak...
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