Computatlona AssooJatil~ in uistics
Proceeding:s of the Conference
First Conference of the European Chapter of the for
1-2 September 1983 Pisa, Italy
Published by the Association for Computational LinKuistics
1983, Association [or Computational Linguistics
Order copies of this and other ACL proceedings t'rom: Donald E. Walker (ACL) Bell Communications Research 445 South Street M:RE 2A379 Morristown, NJ 07960, USA
WELCOME I am particularly happy to have this opportunity to welcome the participants at this meeting on behalf of all those in Pisa who are working in the field of computational linguistics and, in particular, on behalf of my colleagues at the Istituto di Linguistiea Computazionale of the Italian National Research Council (CNR) and of the Dipartimento di Linguistica of the University of Pisa. I am indeed delighted that the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics has accepted the proposal that I made in Prague to organize its first meeting in Pisa. As a member of the Program Committee, I have already had an opportunity to read the papers to be presented; and I thus feel quite confident in affirming that this meeting will provide further evidence of the development and expansion of computational linguistics in Europe. Here our field is characterized, perhaps more than elsewhere, by the presence of a number of differentiated sectors and by extremely profitable interdisciplinary relationships with many other fields of research. In fact, in the last ten years, computational linguistics has rapidly increased its influence not only at the scientific but also at the application and industrial levels. Our work here in Pisa has always been directed towards a global view of the different aspects of computational linguistics, and our activities range from the processing of very large corpora of texts to the study of models of linguistic processes and structures, aiming at the integration of the different components. Our interests are clearly shown by the themes of the various international meetings and summer schools which we have organized here in Pisa over the last fifteen years. Our activity during this period has been made possible by the support of the University of Pisa and CNR. I should thus like to thank Professor Biorci, vice-president of CNR, whose efforts have been so valuable in determining the development of our Institute, for honouring us with his presence here today. I should now like to conclude by wishing you all every success for your work during the next two days, and also by expressing my particular appreciation to Professor Giacomo Ferrari, one of my oldest colleagues, who has put so much energy and enthusiasm into the organization of this meeting. Antonio Zampoili
CONFERENCE
S U P P O R T
The conference, which is sponsored by the Association for Computational Linguistics, was organized by its European Chapter through the Italian Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, with the help of the Istituto di Linguistica Computazionale of Pisa and the Istituto di Elettrotecnica of the University of Genoa. Additional support was provided by Perkin Elmer Italiana, the Cassa di Risparmio di Pisa, and the Ente Provinciale del Turismo di Pisa.
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ACL
EUROPEAN CHAPTER OFFICIALS
Chair: Secretary: Treasurer: Ezecutive Committee:
Eva Hajicova, Charles University Harry Somers, University of Manchester Mike Rosner, ISSCO Remko Scha, Eindhoven, Netherlands Yorick Wilks, University of Essex Hubert Lehmann, IBM-Deutschland Advisory Committee: Giacomo Ferrari, Istituto di Linguistica Computazionale Gerald Gazdar, University of Sussex Peter Hellwig, University of Heidelberg Bente Maegaard, University of Copenhagen
PROGRAM COMMITTEE Chair: Giacomo Ferrari, lstituto di Linguistica Computazionale Committee: Joost Breuker, COWO Gerald Gazdar, University of Sussex Margaret King, ISSCO Winfred Lenders, University of Bonn Petr Sgall, Charles University Antonio Zampolli, Istituto di Linguistica Computazionale
REFEREES
Adorni J. Allen R. Amsler D. Arnold M. Bates I. Batori H. Bierfert B. Boguraev C. Boitet L. Bole D. Bree H. Bunt N. Calzolari A. Cappelli T. Christaller C. Darwin A. Garnham G. Guida W. yon Hahn
G.
E. Hajicova J. Hobbs S. Isard J, Janas A. Joshi G. Kempen E. Klein H. Koppelaar T. Kwee J. Laubseh W. Lehnert H. Maas S. Machova B. Maegaard D. McDonald C. Mellish R. De Mori A. Narinyani
I. Prodanoff S. Pulman G. Ritchie L. Rizzi M. Rosner A. Sagvoll-Hein R. Scha H. Schnelle C. Sidner J. Slack J. Slocum H. Somers K. Sparck Jones M. Steedman G. van der Steen O. Stock J. Tait R. Wilensky
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OPENING
REMARKS
I am very glad to open this Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics. I will not take much of your time, but I do want to give you a few simple expressions of appreciation. The Italian National Research Council and I personally are honoured and pleased because this is the first meeting of the European Chapter and because it is taking place in Italy. Choosing this location means that the European scientific community has appreciated the research work carried out in Italy during these past years. Our scientists feel especially proud on this occasion, and I am sure that they will derive from this meeting a powerful encouragement to work even harder than before. In this fascinating sector of science, I am also glad for the choice of Pisa as the place where the conference is being held. Pisa, in fact, as many of you already know, had a pioneering role in this country in the field of computer science and, in particular, computational linguistics. In this pioneering action, the University of Pisa and the National Research Council have collaborated closely, and I am honoured to mention Professor Faedo who had the vision, the will to pursue it, and the power to realize it, first as a mathematician, then as Rector of the University of Pisa, and finally as the President of the National Research Council. I am also pleased to mention Professor Zampolli, who started his work when computational linguistics was unknown in Italy and who has given the field such an extraordinary push both through his scientific contributions and through his fantastic enthusiasm. Another reason for appreciating number and quality of the submitted came just to be here and learn from and the relatively low average age of of your discipline. this meeting is its international character. I know that the papers has been really remarkable, and that the people who others are also outstanding. Young scientists are important, people in the audience makes me confident about the future
Finally, I want to stress that the objectives of the National Research Council do not include the promotion of any particular research projects. Rather the Council has a special role inside the world of the public research institutions in Italy. Its commitment is to realize a harmonious integration of the government's objectives with those of the scientific bodies, in particular with the research carried out in our universities. Within this general framework and this specific commitment, the National Research Council is particularly interested in research projects that have the following primary characteristics: (a) involving scientists from different institutions, (b) attracting international attention, and having (c) high significance for human society, for the progress and welfare of people. Now, computational linguistics, and this meeting in particular, stresses all three of these characteristics. So I am particularly glad to thank you for your attention and to give you my best wishes for the full success of this conference. Thank you. Giovanni Biorci, Vice-President Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
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T A B L E OF C O N T E N T S
Abstract Control Structures and the Semantics of Quantitiers
Steven Cushing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 9 14 21 26
L'Idee de Grammaire avec le Contexte Naturel
Leszek Haduch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Iterative Operations
Sac Y a m a d a
Structure of Sentence and lnferencing in Question Answering
Eva Hajicova and Petr Sgall
A Phonological Processor for Italian
Rodolfo D e l m o n t e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
An Expert System for the Production of Phoneme Strings from Unmarked English Text Using Machine-Induced Rules
Alberto Maria Segre, Bruce Arne Sherwood, and Wayne B. Dickerson . . . . . . . . . 35 43 49
Vocal Interface for a Man-Machine Dialog
Dominique Beroule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Knowledge Engineering Approach to Morphological Analysis
Harri Jappinen, A a r n o Lehtola, Esa Nelimarkka, and M a t t i Y l i l a m m i
A Prolog Implementation of Lexical Fbnctional Grammar as a Base for a Natural Language Processing System
Werner Frey and Uwe Reyle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 58 66 74 81 86
Extended Access to the Left Context in an A T N Parser
Irina Prodanoff and Giacomo Ferrari Benny Brodda Eva K o k t o v a
An Experiment with Heuristic Parsing of swedish
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Towards the Semantics of Sentence Adverbials Dealing with Conjunctions in a Machine Translation Environment
Xiuming Huang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fallible Rationalbm and Machine Translation
Geoffrey Sampson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Generation of Term Definitions from an On-Line Terminological Thesaurus
John M c N a u g h t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 96 101 106 111
Relating Syntax and Semantics: The Syntactico-Semantic Lexicon of the System Vie-Lang
Ingeborg Steinacker and E r n s t Buchberger
An Island Parsing Interpreter for the Full Augmented Transition Network Formalism
John A. Carroll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
WEDNESDAY: Parsing Flexible Word Order Languages
Oliviero Stock, Cristiano Castelfranchi, and Domenico Parisi . . . . . . . . . . . .
How to Parse Gaps in Spoken Utterances
G. Goerz and C. Beckstein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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A Flexible Natural Language Parser Based on a Two-Level Representation of Synta, t Leonardo Lesmo and Pietro Torasso . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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114 122 " 129
An Approach to Natural Language in the SI-Nets Paradigm
Amedeo Cappelli and Lorenzo Moretti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
An Experiment on Synthesis of Russian Parametric Constructions
I. S. K 0 n o n e n k o and E. L. Pershina
Learning Translation Skills with a Knowledge-Based Tutor: ~ench-ltalian Conjunctions in Context
Stefano A. Cerri and Marie-France Merger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 139 144 152 155 165 175
Toward Better Understanding of Anaphora
B a r b a r a Dunin-Keplicz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rules for Pronominalization
Franz G u e n t h n e r and Hubert L e h m a n n
Local and Global Structures in Discourse Understanding
M. Koit, S. Litvak, H. Oim, T. Roosmaa, and M. Saluveer
Systemic Grammar in Computation: The Nigel Case
Christian M. I. M. Matthiessen William C. M a n n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Inquiry Semantic...