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- Title: 900MHz
- Type: Notes
- School: Mississippi State
- Course: ECE 4522
- Term: Fall
Coursehero >> Mississippi >> Mississippi State >> ECE 4522
Path: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
Path: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
Path: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
Path: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
Path: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
Path: Virginia Tech >> HTM >> 2454 Spring, 2009
Path: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
Path: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
Path: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
Path: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
Path: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
Path: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
Path: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
Path: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
Path: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
Path: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
Path: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
Path: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
Path: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
Path: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
Path: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
Path: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
Path: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
Path: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
Path: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
Path: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
Path: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
Path: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
Path: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
Path: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
Path: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
Path: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
Path: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
Path: Virginia Tech >> HTM >> 2454 Spring, 2009
Path: Virginia Tech >> HTM >> 2454 Spring, 2009
Path: Virginia Tech >> HTM >> 2454 Spring, 2009
Path: Virginia Tech >> HTM >> 2454 Spring, 2009
Path: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
Path: Virginia Tech >> HTM >> 2454 Spring, 2009
Path: Virginia Tech >> HTM >> 2454 Spring, 2009
Path: Virginia Tech >> HTM >> 2454 Spring, 2009
Path: Virginia Tech >> HTM >> 2454 Spring, 2009
Path: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
Path: Virginia Tech >> HTM >> 2454 Spring, 2009
Path: Virginia Tech >> HTM >> 2454 Spring, 2009
Path: Virginia Tech >> HTM >> 2454 Spring, 2009
Path: Virginia Tech >> HTM >> 2454 Spring, 2009
Path: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
Path: Virginia Tech >> HTM >> 2454 Spring, 2009
Path: Virginia Tech >> HTM >> 2454 Spring, 2009
Path: Virginia Tech >> HTM >> 2454 Spring, 2009
Path: Virginia Tech >> HTM >> 2454 Spring, 2009
Path: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
Path: Virginia Tech >> HTM >> 2454 Spring, 2009
Path: Virginia Tech >> HTM >> 2454 Spring, 2009
Path: Virginia Tech >> HTM >> 2454 Spring, 2009
Path: Virginia Tech >> HTM >> 2454 Spring, 2009
Path: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
Path: Virginia Tech >> HTM >> 2454 Spring, 2009
Path: Virginia Tech >> HTM >> 2454 Spring, 2009
Path: Virginia Tech >> HTM >> 2454 Spring, 2009
Path: Virginia Tech >> HTM >> 2454 Spring, 2009
Path: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
Path: Virginia Tech >> HTM >> 2454 Spring, 2009
Path: Virginia Tech >> HTM >> 2454 Spring, 2009
Path: Virginia Tech >> HTM >> 2454 Spring, 2009
Path: Virginia Tech >> HTM >> 2454 Spring, 2009
Path: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
Path: Virginia Tech >> HTM >> 2454 Spring, 2009
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CHOOSE WHY 900MHz? It is important to consider pros and cons of frequency bands when choosing what frequency to use for data transmission. The two most commonly used industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) radio bands are referred to as the 900MHz and the 2.4GHz bands. Both permit the use of license-free Spread Spectrum radios within them. For the most part, the 900MHz band is used in the Americas. The 2.4GHz band is used (with differing power constraints) throughout most of the world. While there are some differences between the characteristics of the two bands, the 900MHz band typically allows for higher power and longer distance transmissions while the 2.4GHz band, with its wider bandwidth, allows for higher data rates. Comparing Wave Propagation of 900 MHz and 2.4 GHz Frequencies To demonstrate the basic difference in wave propagation of 900 MHz and 2.4 GHz waves, a quick look at path loss is provided. As waves propagate out from the transmitter, some attenuation of the signal takes place due to properties of the medium (air in most cases). Path loss describes this attenuation as a function of the wavelength of the operating frequency and the distance between the transmitter and receiver. The path loss is derived from the Friis transmission equation and is defined as: Path Loss = 20 log(4*p*r/ ) dB where r is the distance between the transmitter and receiver, and is the wavelength . The table below shows how path loss differs between 900 MHz transmitters ( =0.33 meters) and the 2.4 GHz transmitters ( =0.125 meters). Frequency 900 MHz 2.4 GHz r = 10 Meters 51.527 dB 60.046 dB r = 100 Meters 71.527 dB 80.046 dB r = 1000 Meters 91.527 dB 100.046 dB Thus, the path loss is +8.519dB more over a given range for the 2.4 GHz modules. Since the range doubles with every 6 dB of reduced path loss, the 900 MHz modules have 2.67 times as much range as the 2.4 GHz modules [2^(8.519/6) = 2.67]. Operating at 900 MHz exhibits a significantly longer range than is possible at 2.4 GHz. The increased rate capacity of 2.4GHz comes at the cost of radio propagation, or radio distance. The higher 2.4GHz and 5.7GHz frequencies have a much shorter reliable distance than the lower frequencies. In most cases, the higher frequency bands will not operate reliably over the distances required for industrial plants and factories. In industrial plants and factories, the performance of 2.4GHz vs the lower frequencies is even worse, with reliable distances to dropping 10-20% of the lower frequency bands. In industrial environments there are very few direct ( line-of-sight ) radio paths - most paths are obstructed and congested by machinery, steel-work, vessels and buildings. The performance of radio in this type of environment is determined by the ability of the radio signal to: 1. penetrate obstacles, and/or 2. bend around obstacles, and/or 3. reflect from obstacles. Penetrating Obstacles Radio waves decrease in amplitude as they pass through walls. As the radio frequency increases, the rate of attenuation increases - that is, the radio strength dies off faster, and the effect of passing through obstacles is much greater. Bending around Obstacles Radio waves travel in a straight line; however, a radio beam can diffract or bend when it hits an edge in the same way as light can. The angle of diffraction is higher as frequency decreases - or the ability to bend around obstacles increases as frequency decreases. A lower frequency radio signal is "blocked" by an obstacle to a lesser extent as it is able to bend around the obstacle. Reflections Radio waves also reflect from dense surfaces such as metallic walls or vessels. Very often the radio signal has been reflected several times before it reaches the receiver unit. When a radio signal is reflected, some of the RF power is absorbed by the obstacle, reducing, or attenuating, the strength of the reflected signal. This attenuation increases with frequency. That is, the reflected signal is weaker for higher frequencies. If the path is very congested, with a lot of consecutive reflections, the 2.4GHz signal fades out quickly. The End Result The end result of the effects of RF power, propagation losses, penetration attenuation, diffraction and reflection loss is that 2.4GHz has only a very short reliable operating distance in industrial environments - with reliable distances of only around 10-20% of the lower frequency bands. That is, the lower frequency bands reach 5-10 times the distance in plants and factories. In many applications, distances of more than 30 -100 meters (100 - 300 feet) cannot be achieved with 2.4GHz over congested obstructed paths. The information in this document was compiled using direct excerpts from the following three websites: http://www.omnexcontrols.com/Support/Wireless_IO_and__SCADA_FAQs.aspx http://www.maxstream.net/helpdesk/article-119 http://www.elprotech.com/elpro/2_4GHz.htm
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Path: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
Description: The Smart Light Page 1 of 2 1. Problem Streetlight systems, regardless of their size or placement, typically employ photosensors to control overall operating times. These sensors can manage the operation of an array of streetlights within a syste...
dcr.pdfPath: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
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biz1.pdfPath: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
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testspec.pdfPath: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
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CHAPTER_02Path: Virginia Tech >> HTM >> 2454 Spring, 2009
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urtestspec.pdfPath: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
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biz2.pdfPath: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
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descon.pdfPath: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
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exsumrev.pdfPath: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
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resume-01-26-2004.pdfPath: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
Description: Present Address PO Box 3764 MS State, MS 39762 (662) 324-1977 kjw5@msstate.edu Permanent Address 219 Rushingtown Rd. Tylertown, MS 39667 (601) 876-6770 Kennabec Walp Objective To attain an entry-level engineering position with emphasis on computer ...
specificationsv3.pdfPath: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
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bizplanv1.pdfPath: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
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testspecv3.pdfPath: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
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designv1.pdfPath: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
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kelly_resume.pdfPath: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
Description: Mr. Kelly L. Lancaster 2600 County Road 410 Ripley, MS 38663 (662) 837-4441 OR Cell (662) 837- 5570 Objective I am currently a senior at Mississippi State University pursuing a degree in Electrical Engineering. I am seeking employment for the summer...
bizplanv4.pdfPath: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
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mike_resume.pdfPath: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
Description: 4730 GENERAL IKE ST. MOSS POINT, MS 39563 PHONE (228) 990-0722 E-MAIL MAM26@ECE.MSSTATE.EDU MICHAEL A. MIDDLETON, JR. OBJECTIVE To obtain a job as an Electrical Engineer concentrating in Power Distribution. EDUCATION 1995 to 1999 Moss Point High...
twb_resume.pdfPath: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
Description: Thomas Butler Research Interests Education Present: P.O. Box 1031 Mississippi State, MS 39762 Tel: (662) 325-6213 Permanent: 2230 Monaco St. Jackson, MS 39204 Tel: (601) 371-7690 Email: t.butler@ieee.org Data Compression, Digital Image Processing,...
test_specs.pdfPath: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
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business_plan_1.pdfPath: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
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descon_2.pdfPath: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
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business_plan.pdfPath: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
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CHAPTER_03Path: Virginia Tech >> HTM >> 2454 Spring, 2009
Description: CHAPTER 3 CAREER OPPORTUNITIES LEARNING OBJECTIVES Evaluate future job opportunities in the tourism field. Learn about the careers available. Discover which might match your interests and abilities Know about the additional sources of information...
CHAPTER_04Path: Virginia Tech >> HTM >> 2454 Spring, 2009
Description: CHAPTER 4 WORLD, NATIONAL, REGIONAL, AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS LEARNING OBJECTIVES Understand the magnitude of world tourism in terms of the vast numbers of organizations which serve the needs of their diverse memberships. Recognize the variety o...
CHAPTER_05Path: Virginia Tech >> HTM >> 2454 Spring, 2009
Description: CHAPTER 5 PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION LEARNING OBJECTIVES Comprehend the importance of transportation in tourism. Understand the airline industry and its role in travel. Examine the domination of the automobile in travel. Learn about the role of ra...
CHAPTER_07Path: Virginia Tech >> HTM >> 2454 Spring, 2009
Description: CHAPTER 7 ORGANIZATIONS IN THE DISTRIBUTION PROCESS LEARNING OBJECTIVES Become familiar with tourism distribution system organizations and their functions. Understand the role of travel agents and their dominance in the distribution system. C...
business_plan_2.pdfPath: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
Description: The Multi-Functional Autonomous Duck Decoy Submitted to: Professor Joseph Picone ECE 4542: Senior Design II Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Mississippi State University Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762 October 28, 2003 Blind D...
CHAPTER_08Path: Virginia Tech >> HTM >> 2454 Spring, 2009
Description: CHAPTER 8 ATTRACTIONS, RECREATION, ENTERTAINMENT, AND OTHER LEARNING OBJECTIVES Examine the attractions sphere Look at the role of theme parks Understand the gaming industry Describe public and commercial recreation facilities Recognize shoppin...
CHAPTER_09Path: Virginia Tech >> HTM >> 2454 Spring, 2009
Description: CHAPTER 9 MOTIVATION FOR PLEASURE TRAVEL LEARNING OBJECTIVES Adopt a professional approach to motivation and recognize differences in other peoples motives. Appreciate the range of ideas on travel motivation, including historical accounts and psy...
CHAPTER_10Path: Virginia Tech >> HTM >> 2454 Spring, 2009
Description: CHAPTER 10 CULTURAL AND INTERNATIONAL TOURISM FOR LIFES ENRICHMENT LEARNING OBJECTIVES Recognize that travel experiences are the best way to learn about other cultures. Identify the cultural factors in tourism. Appreciate the rewards of partici...
CHAPTER_11Path: Virginia Tech >> HTM >> 2454 Spring, 2009
Description: CHAPTER 11 SOCIOLOGY OF TOURISM LEARNING OBJECTIVES Appreciate the inordinate social impact which travel experiences have on the individual, the family or group, and society as a whole, especially the host society. Recognize that a countrys indi...
design_document.pdfPath: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
Description: design document for Programmable Digital Thermostat submitted to: Professor Joseph Picone ECE 4522: Senior Design II Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Mississippi State University Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762 December 04, 200...
CHAPTER_12Path: Virginia Tech >> HTM >> 2454 Spring, 2009
Description: CHAPTER 12 TOURISM COMPONENTS AND SUPPLY LEARNING OBJECTIVES Know the four major supply components that any tourist area must possess. Become familiar with the newer forms of accommodations condominium apartments and timesharing arrangements. B...
CHAPTER_13Path: Virginia Tech >> HTM >> 2454 Spring, 2009
Description: CHAPTER 13 MEASURING AND FORECASTING DEMAND LEARNING OBJECTIVES Know the definition of demand and its application and importance in tourism development planning. Understand the factors determining the magnitude and fluctuations of demand. Become a...
CHAPTER_14Path: Virginia Tech >> HTM >> 2454 Spring, 2009
Description: CHAPTER 14 TOURISMS ECONOMIC IMPACT LEARNING OBJECTIVES Know the economic generators and impact of tourism. Perceive the economic importance of tourism in various regions of the world. Know about tourism satellite accounts. Understand multiplie...
CHAPTER_15Path: Virginia Tech >> HTM >> 2454 Spring, 2009
Description: CHAPTER 15 TOURISM POLICY: STRUCTURE, CONTENT AND PROCESS LEARNING OBJECTIVES Demonstrate the critical importance of tourism policy to the competitiveness and sustainability of a tourism destination. Outline the structure and content of a typical...
design_document.pdfPath: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
Description: design document for Portable Thermostat submitted to: Professor Joseph Picone ECE4512: Senior Design I Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Mississippi State University Mississippi State, MS 39762 April 29, 2003 submitted by: J. Baugh,...
CHAPTER_16Path: Virginia Tech >> HTM >> 2454 Spring, 2009
Description: CHAPTER 16 TOURISM PLANNING, DEVELOPMENT, AND SOCIAL CONSIDERATION LEARNING OBJECTIVES Relate tourism planning to tourism policy. Discover what the goals of tourism development should be. Recognize that some serious barriers to tourism developme...
CHAPTER_17Path: Virginia Tech >> HTM >> 2454 Spring, 2009
Description: CHAPTER 17 TOURISM AND THE ENVIRONMENT LEARNING OBJECTIVES Recognize the world-wide importance of natural resource conservation and sustainable tourism development. Learn how ecotourism can benefit local people. Understand the dangers and limi...
CHAPTER_18Path: Virginia Tech >> HTM >> 2454 Spring, 2009
Description: CHAPTER 18 TRAVEL AND TOURISM RESEARCH LEARNING OBJECTIVES Recognize the role and scope of travel research Learn the travel research process Study secondary data and how it can be used. Understand the methods of collecting primary data. Know who...
CHAPTER_19Path: Virginia Tech >> HTM >> 2454 Spring, 2009
Description: CHAPTER 19 TOURISM MARKETING LEARNING OBJECTIVES Become familiar with the marketing mix and be able to formulate the best mix for a particular travel product. Appreciate the importance of the relationship between the marketing concept and produ...
MADDschem.pdfPath: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
Description: 2 R1 1 U2 PIC18F252 1 J5 1 2 R2 1 2 1 6 7 RA4 RA5 RB2 RB1 23 22 3 J2 Prop Motor 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 R12 R13 R14 R15 2 2 2 2 D2 1 2 D3 1 2 D4 1D5 2 1 2 J3 Shaker Motor 1 2 1 1 1 1 R16 R17 R18 R19 2 2 2 2 D6 1 2 D7 1 2 D8 1D9 2 1 2 R5 R9 C13 1 2 C6...
CHAPTER_20Path: Virginia Tech >> HTM >> 2454 Spring, 2009
Description: CHAPTER 20 TOURISMS FUTURE LEARNING OBJECTIVES To examine forecasts concerning the growth of international tourism. To identify the major global forces that are shaping the tourism of tomorrow. To understand the impacts, both positive and negati...
Ch01Notes_06Path: Virginia Tech >> HTM >> 2454 Spring, 2009
Description: HTM 2454: Tourism In Perspective What is Tourism? The Impact of Tourism Approaches to the Study of Tourism Important statistics in Tourism Costs and Benefits of Tourism On Your Own Exercise: Dear Mom and Dad What is Tourism? It includes. The touris...
Ch02Notes_06Path: Virginia Tech >> HTM >> 2454 Spring, 2009
Description: HTM 2454 Tourism Through the Ages Major civilizations that Influenced Tourism Great Travelers Through Time Famous Early Women Travel Writers Major Civilizations that Influenced Tourism Sumerians Egyptians Romans Greeks Phoenicians Polynesian...
Ch03Notes_06Path: Virginia Tech >> HTM >> 2454 Spring, 2009
Description: HTM 2454: Careers in Tourism WTTC Job Forecast Statistics The Importance of Internships Careers in Tourism Some Additional Ideas The Great Debate WTTC Job Forecast Statistics Tourism contributes to: GDP Capital Investment Employment Foreign exch...
Design_Constraints.pdfPath: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
Description: 2. Design Constraints The purpose of this project is to create a portable and PC-based thermostat. The remote can be taken to a room and the HVAC will operate until the desired temperature is obtained at the remote. The HVAC system can also be operat...
Ch04Notes_06Path: Virginia Tech >> HTM >> 2454 Spring, 2009
Description: HTM 2454: World, National, Regional, and Other Tourism Organizations Global Organizations WTO World Tourism Organization 5 major tasks/activities of the WTO: Assist Developing Countries Market Research and Statistics Human Resource Development...
Ch05Notes.06.Path: Virginia Tech >> HTM >> 2454 Spring, 2009
Description: HTM 2454: Passenger Transportation Major Issues in Transportation Major Forms of Transportation Organizations in Transportation Big 4 Transportation Issues Safety and Security Congestion Environmental Damage Seasonality Major Forms of Transport...
Ch07Notes_06Path: Virginia Tech >> HTM >> 2454 Spring, 2009
Description: HTM 2454: Organizations in the Distribution Process Identify Distribution System Organizations and their functions Debate: Travel Agents will always be around, no matter how popular the Internet becomes Identify Distribution System Organizations and...
Ch08Notes_06Path: Virginia Tech >> HTM >> 2454 Spring, 2009
Description: HTM 2454: Tourism Attractions, Entertainment, and Recreation Attraction Types and Categories Sustainable Development and Tourism Attractions Classifications (Figure 8.2, p. 211 of your textbook): Cultural Attractions Natural Attractions Events ...
sd2_design_constraints.pdfPath: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
Description: DESIGN REQUIREMENTS In the design of the Digital Guitar Tuner, several operational choices must be made. These choices will affect the performance of the product and must be decided on early in the design process. The design limitations are governed ...
Ch09Notes_06Path: Virginia Tech >> HTM >> 2454 Spring, 2009
Description: HTM 2454: Motivation for Pleasure Travel Defining Motivation The interplay between tourist motivationsand destination attributes Important Figures and Tables Push-Pull Motivators What is travel motivation? What encourages tourists to act, how do th...
Ch10Notes_06Path: Virginia Tech >> HTM >> 2454 Spring, 2009
Description: HTM 2454: Cultural and International Tourism for Lifes Enrichment Cultural Tourism Life-seeing Tourism Types of Destinations as Travel Experiences Other Tourist Appeals The role of the Hospitality Industry Tourism and Peace Cultural Tourism Traveli...
Ch11Notes_06Path: Virginia Tech >> HTM >> 2454 Spring, 2009
Description: Negative Social Effects on a Host Society Life Characteristics and Travel Social Tourism The Extremes of International Travel Preferences Barriers to Travel Nacirema reading HTM 2454:Sociology of Tourism Negative Social Effects on a Host Society D...
Ch12Notes_06Path: Virginia Tech >> HTM >> 2454 Spring, 2009
Description: HTM 2454: Tourism Components and Supply Categories of Tourism Supply Components Matching Supply with Demand/Task Analysis Reducing Seasonality: Multiple Use and Price Differentials Categories of Tourism Supply Components Natural Resources and Envir...
sd2_bus_plan3.pdfPath: Mississippi State >> ECE >> 4522 Fall, 2009
Description: 2.0 Company Summary DigiTuner LLC designs, manufactures, and sells digital guitar tuners. DigiTuner LLC was founded in January of 2003. The DigiTuner is a product for use in coordination with a guitar. The DigiTuner can take a guitar that is not in t...
Ch13Notes_06Path: Virginia Tech >> HTM >> 2454 Spring, 2009
Description: HTM 2454: Measuring and Forecasting Demand Propensity and Resistance Methods of Forecasting Tourism Demand Meaningful Measures of Demand Demand to a Destination Depends on Propensity and Resistance Propensity depends Resistance depends on: on: Psy...