Homework jaw2435 7 Walker (53985) This print-out should have 28 questions. Multiple-choice questions may continue on the next column or page find all choices before answering. 001 1.0 points Which statement is NOT true? 1. One optical isomer of Naproxen relieves pain while the other optical isomer causes liver damage. 2. Pseudoephedrine is a nasal decongestant, while the optical isomer ephedrine is a bronchodilator that also stimulates the sympathetic nervous system. 3. Some preparations of aspirin are less effective because they also contain the inactive optical isomer. correct 4. The optical isomer of the addictive opiate levomorphan is the non-addictive cough suppressant dextromorphan. Explanation: Aspirin does not exihibit optical isomerism 002 1.0 points The lock and key model of biological interaction depends upon 1. acidic pH conditions. 2. random conformation changes. 3. a catalyst. 4. genetic engineering. 5. specific intermolecular forces between receptor and substrate. correct Explanation: 003 1.0 points RU-486 binds to the progesterone receptor site, but has no direct biochemical effect, and as a result 1. the woman's ovaries start to produce large amounts of norethenodril, which stops ovulation and thus conception.
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2. women develop male secondary sex characteristics and cannot become pregnant. 3. progesterone is blocked out and ovulation proceeds normally, effectively aborting the pregnancy with the next menstruation. correct 4. ovulation cannot occur, so pregnancy is avoided. Explanation: 004 1.0 points Anabolic steroids were developed initially for 1. increasing physical strength of athletes. 2. increased brain stimulation. 3. correcting mood swings. 4. the regaining of muscle tissue after illness. correct Explanation: 005 1.0 points A chemical antagonist is a chemical that binds to a receptor site and 1. causes the cell to die. 2. shows increased biological activity. 3. shows no biological activity. correct 4. causes a reversal of normal function. Explanation: 006 1.0 points Androgenic side effects result in accentuating which of the following? I. female characteristics in males II. male characteristics in females III. increased muscle mass 1. III
jaw2435 Homework 7 Walker (53985) 2. I and II correct 1. progesterones. 3. II 2. androgens. correct 4. I 3. estrogens. 5. II and III Explanation: 007 1.0 points Identify the chiral carbon atom in L-dopa (used to treat Parkinson's disease). HO HO d 1. b 2. d 3. a 4. c correct Explanation: A chiral carbon atom is borded to four different functional groups. 008 1.0 points Which hormone does a females body release to signal fertilization? 1. norethynodrel 2. estradiol 3. cortizone 4. progesterone correct 5. testosterone Explanation: 009 1.0 points Male sex hormones are known as 3. combinatorial chemistry. NH2 C C b H H 4. gestations. Explanation:
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010 1.0 points Perhaps the most successful route to new drugs (to date) has been 1. using detailed structures of enzymes responsible for disease, and synthesizing molecules that bind to receptor sites and block enzyme activity. 2. modifications to natural products found in folk remedies; e.g., willow bark tea. correct
H
O C a c OH
4. isolation of DNA from infectious agents and figuring out how to incapacitate it. 5. random discoveries of natural products. Explanation: Copying nature has been quite successful and insightful. 011 1.0 points What is true about over-the-counter pain relievers? 1. Although manufactured by many companies, there are only three basic pain relievers. correct 2. Not all work on the cyclooxygenase family of enzymes. 3. All of these 4. Tylenol and aspirin are the same drug.
jaw2435 Homework 7 Walker (53985) 5. The side effect profiles are all the same. 6. Doses are exactly the same from individual to individual. Explanation: The three basic pain relievers are acetominophen (tylenol), acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) and ibuprofen. As with all drugs, side effects and doses vary between individuals. 012 1.0 points The vast majority of drugs (as opposed to vaccines) work by I) inducing a physiological response; i.e., hormone or neurotransmitter generation or suppression. II) killing infective agents. III) activating the immune system. 1. I, II and III 2. I only 3. I and III 4. I and II correct Explanation: Most drugs do not stimulate the immune system. 013 1.0 points Generic drugs are equivalent to brand name drugs and may be marketed by pharmaceutical companies other than the one that developed and patented the drug. (Read ALL choices before answering.) 1. True, if the brand name drug is FDA approved. 2. True, if the brand name drug is FDA approved and its patent has expired. correct 3. False; only the inventing company may develop a generic counterpart to its brand name drug. 4. False; generic brand names are better than brand name drugs.
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Explanation: A generic drug is equivalent to the original drug but cannot be marketed until the patent protection of the original drug has expired. 014 1.0 points What is NOT true about drug testing and approval? 1. In the "double blind placebo" testing protocol, neither the physician nor the patient knows which patients are receiving the test drug and which patients are receiving the inactive imitation known as the placebo. 2. Results of animal testing must be evaluated by the FDA before human clinical trials can begin. 3. Drugs are evaluated for their short- and long-term effects on particular organs, including the liver or kidneys. 4. Toxicity testing involves determining the maximum dose that kills 50% of the test animals. correct Explanation: Toxicity testing involves finding the MINIMUM dose that kills 80% of test animals. 015 1.0 points Which statement is NOT true? 1. The primary goal of the FDA is to establish whether a drug is effective and safe before it is sold to the public. 2. The most controversial toxicity testing involves determination the of the lethal dose50 (LD-50), the minimum dose that kills 50% of the test animals. 3. Clinical testing of drugs on humans cannot begin before the FDA has examined the results of the tests on animals. 4. From discovery to approval, the develop-
jaw2435 Homework 7 Walker (53985) ment of a new drug takes (on average) two years and $500,000. correct Explanation: A new drug currently takes around 6 years and $34 millions to bring to market 016 1.0 points Which statement is NOT true? 1. Over-the-counter medications are safe to use and do not have side effects. correct 2. The manufacture and formulation of herbal remedies is essentially unregulated. 3. A pioneer drug is the first version of a drug that is marketed under a brand name. 4. No regulatory group studies the interaction between herbal remedies and traditional medicines. Explanation: OTC medicines may still have side effects. 017 1.0 points Which statement is NOT true? 1. Herbal remedies and folk medicines abound in most cultures. 2. A major problem with herbal preparations is that no regulatory group controls the purity of the preparations and the concentrations of the active ingredients. 3. A preparation of St. John's wort is believed to be an effective treatment of depression. 4. All compounds found in plants are likely to have positive physiological effects in humans. correct Explanation: Only a few compounds found in plants have positive physiological effects. Some compounds are poisonois or have little effect physiologically.
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018 1.0 points Why are generic versions of some prescription drugs not always available? 1. The drug company that developed the drug has not agreed to allow other companies to make the drug. 2. The prescribed drug may still be protected by the 20-year patent. correct 3. The prescribed drug may be derived from a common herb. 4. The manufacturers of generic drugs have not completed the efficacy and safety testing of the generic drug. Explanation: Generic drugs may not be manufactured by another company until the 20 year patent granted to the original developing company has expired. 019 1.0 points Which INCORRECTLY pairs the over-thecounter drug with its target function? 1. dextromorphan : cough suppressant 2. pseudoephedrine : decongestant 3. aspirin : anti-inflammatory agent 4. ibuprofen : antacid correct Explanation: Ibuprofen is an antiinflamatory, antipyretic analgesic. 020 1.0 points Birth control pills are 1. nonsteroidal compounds that block implantation of a fertilized ovum into the uterus. 2. weak acids that render the environment hostile to sperm.
jaw2435 Homework 7 Walker (53985) 3. steroids that inhibit the transfer of a fertilized ovum from the fallopian tubes to the uterus. 4. steroids that reduce sperm motility. 3. 5. synthetic progesterone analogs, which inhibit ovulation. correct
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N O N O
N
Explanation: 021 1.0 points Below is the structure of histamine that causes runny noses, red eyes, and other symptoms in allergy sufferes. Antihistamines compete with histamine and occupy the histamine receptor sites on cells. H H N H H H C C N H H N
Cl
4. O N
Explanation: The other structures all contain an amine group 022 Some drugs act by 1.0 points
Which compound is not likely to be a good antihistamine? Use your knowledge of the amine functional group. Cl
1. catalyzing alternate chemical reactions. 2. causing structural changes in enzymes, rendering them inactive. 3. acting as cofactors to further enhance the rates of alternate chemical reactions. 4. blocking the active site of an enzyme, which turns off a particular chemical reaction. correct Explanation: Most drugs function by fitting into a receptor site of an enzyme, thereby blocking or replacing a substrate (a protein or hormone). With the receptor site blocked, the normal chemical reaction of the enzyme (that the substrate would have triggered on or off) will not be triggered. 023 1.0 points
1.
N
N
2. O
correct
jaw2435 Homework 7 Walker (53985) Optical isomers may have very different biological properties. 1. True correct 2. False Explanation: 024 1.0 points Will synthetic polymers always have to be made from crude oil? 1. Yes, because although other technologies exist, they are too costly for large scale use. 2. No, but there are no funds to research new technologies needed. 3. No, because new technologies are being developed to use bio-based raw materials. correct 4. Yes, but more crude oil will have to be diverted from other uses. Explanation: Currently, "Nature Work PLA" from Cargill-Dow and Sorona from Dupont, both derived from corn, are the only two polymers which have reached commercial development; demand will have to drive further research and development. Currently crude oil is still an economical feedstock. 025 1.0 points What is the SUM of coefficients for the balanced equation that represents the complete combustion of octane? 1. 103 2. 61 correct 3. 26 6. 2-heptene 4. 52 7. 2-pentene Explanation: 8. 4-hexene 026 1.0 points What is the name of the following structure? 9. 2-hexene correct C
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C C C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
1. 3-ethyl-6-propylnonane 2. 4-ethyl-7-methylnonane 3. 2,5-dipropyloctane 4. 6-ethyl-4-propylheptane 5. 2,5-diethyloctane 6. 6-ethyl-3-methylnonane correct 7. 7-ethyl-4-propylnonane 8. 3-butyl-2-propylheptane 9. 2-ethyl-5-propylheptane Explanation: 027 1.0 points
Name the molecule 1. 2-pentyne 2. 4-pentyne 3. 4-pentene 4. 2-hexyne 5. 4-hexyne
jaw2435 Homework 7 Walker (53985) Explanation: 028 This structure C C C C C C 1.0 points
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C is the carbon skeleton for one of the isomers of heptane (C7 H16 ) with the hydrogen atoms omitted. Which structure is NOT an isomer of this one? C 1. C C C C 2. C C C C C 3. C C C 4. C C C C C C C C C C C correct C C C C C
Explanation: Structural isomers have the same number of atoms of each element (same chemical formulae). The non-isomer has 8 C atoms.