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Course: DJJ 2008, Fall 2009School: Harvard
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OF EFFECT CLIMATE CHANGE ON AIR QUALITY Daniel J. Jacob with Loretta J. Mickley, Shiliang Wu, Eric M. Leibensperger, Moeko Yoshitomi and funding from, EPA, EPRI CHEMISTRY-CLIMATE INTERACTIONS CHEMISTRY-CLIMATE INTERACTIONS FORCING Emissions Climate Atmospheric chemistry Air pollution meteorology Surface air quality AIR POLLUTION IN THE UNITED STATES # people in areas exceeding national ambient air...
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OF EFFECT CLIMATE CHANGE ON AIR QUALITY Daniel J. Jacob
with Loretta J. Mickley, Shiliang Wu, Eric M. Leibensperger, Moeko Yoshitomi
and funding from, EPA, EPRI
CHEMISTRY-CLIMATE INTERACTIONS
CHEMISTRY-CLIMATE INTERACTIONS FORCING
Emissions
Climate
Atmospheric chemistry
Air pollution meteorology
Surface air quality
AIR POLLUTION IN THE UNITED STATES
# people in areas exceeding national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) in 2006
84 ppbv
-3
15 g m (day), 65 (annual)
O2
h
CHEMISTRY OF TROPOSPHERIC OZONE
STRATOSPHERE 8-18 km TROPOSPHERE
O3
O3
Deposition
NO2
h , H2O
h
NO HO2
CO, VOC
OH
H2O2
Nitrogen oxide radicals; NOx = NO + NO2
combustion, soils, lightning
generally limiting
Tropospheric ozone precursors
Methane
wetlands, livestock, natural gas
Nonmethane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs)
vegetation, combustion, industry
CO (carbon monoxide)
combustion, VOC oxidation
PARTICULATE MATTER (PM, AEROSOLS) SOURCES AND PROCESSES
precursor gases oxidation SO
2
ultra-fine (<0.01 m) nucleation
fine (0.01-1 m) cycling
cloud (1-100 m)
H SO
2 4
. . coagulation . . . . condensation
VOCs NO
x
RCO HNO
3
coarse scavenging (1-10 m)
NH combustion biosphere volcanoes
3
agriculture biosphere
carbonaceous combustion particles
soil dust sea salt
OBSERVED DEPENDENCE OF AIR QUALITY ON WEATHER WARNS OF POTENTIALLY LARGE EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE
Interannual variability of exceedances of ozone standard in Northeast U.S. # summer days with 8-hour ozone > 84 ppbv, average for 257 northeast U.S. AIRS sites
1988, hottest of record
1992, coldest on record (Pinatubo)
Lin et al. [AE 2001]
Ozone is strongly correlated with temperature in observations; this is due to (1) chemistry, (2) biogenic VOC emissions, (3) joint association with stagnation
USE OZONE-TEMPERATURE CORRELATION TO ESTIMATE EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AIR QUALITY
Projected T change for northeast U.S. in 2000-2100 simulated with ensemble of GCMs for different scenarios [IPCC, 2007]
10 8 Summer Temperature Anomaly (oC) 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 1900
CCSM 1 CCSM 2 CCSM 3 CCSM 4 ECHAM 1 ECHAM 2 ECHAM 3 PCM 1 PCM 2 PCM 3 HadCM3 GFDL 0 GFDL 1 GISS
Probability of max 8-h O3 > 84 ppbv vs. daily max. temperature Northeast Los Angeles Southeast
Lin et al. [AE 2001]
Probability
Probability of exceedance doubles
1950
2000
2050
2100
Temperature, K T = 3K
By 2025, T = 1-3 K depending on model and scenario; use statistical approach at right to infer increased probability of ozone exceedance for a given region or city assume nothing else changes. Effect is large!
IMPORTANCE OF MID-LATITUDES CYCLONES IN AIR POLLUTION METEOROLOGY
Cold fronts from mid-latitude cyclones tracking across southern Canada are the principal process ventilating the U.S. Midwest and Northeast
Clean air sweeps behind cold front
INTERANNUAL CORRELATION BETWEEN CYCLONE FREQUENCY AND OZONE AIR QUALITY STANDARD EXCEEDANCES, 1980-1998
observed summer cyclone tracks (NCEP/NCAR reanalysis, NASA/GISS cyclone tracker) Correlation coefficient (R) in four reanalyses between # ozone AQS exceedances/summer and # 40-50o N cyclones (green box)
-1
0.5
0
0.5
1
Leibensperger et al. , in prep.
CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA SHOW DECREASE IN FREQUENCY OF MID-LATITUDE CYCLONES OVER PAST 50 YEARS
1000 cyclones 500 100 1950 anticyclones 1980
Annual number of surface cyclones and anticylones over North America
Agee [1991]
Cyclone frequency at 30o-60oN
McCabe et al. [2001]
TREND IN SUMMERTIME CYCLONE FREQUENCY, 1950-2006
1980-2006 trend
# cyclones/summer tracking through green box
Both NCEP/NCAR and the GISS GCM show a decreasing trend starting in 1980; no trend is seen in a control GCM simulation in radiative equilibrium
Leibensperger et al., in prep.
CYCLONE TREND FROM NCEP/NCAR REANALYSIS WOULD IMPLY LARGE EFFECT ON OZONE TRENDS
# 80 ppb exceedance days in Northeast dropped from 38 in 1980 to 19 in 1998, but would have dropped to 5 in absence of cyclone trend Observed 1980-1998 JJA trends in daily # 40-50N cyclones # 80 ppb O3 AQS exceedances Interannual variability in the two is highly anticorrelated (r = - 0.64) # AQS exceedances # cyclones Black: observed AQS exceedances Red: AQS exceedances predicted from trend in cyclone frequency Green: AQS exceedances predicted in absence of trend in cyclone frequency
Leibensperger et al., in prep.
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
BUT OTHER REANALYSES SHOW NO 1980-2005 TREND THOUGH LARGE INTERANNUAL et VARIABILITY
Leibensperger al., in prep.
EPA-STAR GLOBAL CHANGE AND AIR POLLUTION (GCAP) PROJECT
D.J. Jacob and L.J. Mickley (Harvard), J.H. Seinfeld (Caltech), D. Rind (NASA/GISS), D.G. Streets (ANL), J. Fu (U. Tenn.) , D. Byun (U. Houston)
2000-2050 IPCC emission scenario greenhouse gases
ozone-PM precursors
input meteorology
GEOS-Chem global CTM
boundary conditions CMAQ regional CTM
GISS GCM 3 MM-5 RCM
boundary conditions
input meteorology
Applied to 2000-2050 global change simulations with IPCC SRES A1 scenario; compare 2050 climate (GCM 2049-2051, 3-y averages) to 2000 (1999-2001)
2000-2050 PROJECTED EMISSION TRENDS
Global 2000 emissions NOx, Tg N y-1 Anthropogenic Lightning Soils (natural) NMVOCs, Tg C y-1 Anthropogenic Biogenic CO, Tg y-1 Methane, ppbv SOx, Tg S y-1 Anthropogenic Natural 34 4.9 6.1 46 610 1020 1750 % change, 2000-2050 +71% +18% +8% +150% +23% +25% 2400 (+37%) United States 2000 emissions % change, 2000-2050 -39% +21% +11% -52% +23% -47%
6.0 0.14 0.35 9.3 40 87
59 21
+ 38% 0%
9 -
- 80%
Global increase in anthropogenic emissions but large decreases in U.S. Climate-driven increases in natural NOx, NMVOC emissions
Wu et al. [JGR, in press]
EFFECT OF 2000-2050 CLIMATE CHANGE ON GLOBAL TROPOSPHERIC OZONE
Tropospheric ozone in year 2000 (ppb) 2050/2000 ratio
Zonal annual mean concentrations Ozone increases in tropical upper troposphere because of increased lightning; but decreases in background surface air because of higher water vapor
Wu et al., submitted
CHANGES IN SUMMER MEAN 8-h AVG. DAILY MAXIMUM OZONE FROM 2000-2050 CLIMATE CHANGE (NO CHANGE IN EMISSIONS)
Effect of changing climate
ppb
Different models agree that 2000-2050 climate change will decrease background ozone but increase surface ozone in U.S. by generally 1-10 ppb Most but not all models find maximum effect during pollution episodes (up to 10 ppb in ours) All models find significant effect in Northeast but disagree in other regions Differences in Southeast partly due to different mechanisms for oxidation of biogenic isoprene (the dominant VOC precursor) Wu et al. [JGR in press]
2000-2050 DECREASE OF CYCLONE FREQUENCY
1999-2001
2049-2051
Summertime cyclone frequency decreases by 17% in 2050 climate (GISS GCM A1 scenario) Wu et al. [iJGR n press]
OZONE-TEMPERATURE CORRELATION AS TEST OF MODEL SENSITIVITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE
Correlate daily max-8h-avg ozone with daily max temperature in Jun-Aug
GCAP/GEOS-Chem model present-day climate (3 years)
Observations (1980-1998)
correlation coefficient R -1
-.5
0
.5
1
Yoshitomi et al. [in progress]
COMPARING THE EFFECTS OF CHANGING CLIMATE AND EMISSIONS ON SUMMER MEAN 8-h AVG. D...
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Harvard - DJJ - 2002
SATELLITE OBSERVATIONS OF ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY Daniel J. JacobOBSERVATION BY SOLAR OCCULTATION (UV to near-IR)"satellite sunrise" Tangent point; retrieve vertical profile of concentrationsExamples: SAGE, GOMOSEARTHRecent extensions to lunar
Harvard - PIP - 2002
1016 molecules cm2GOME Dec 1996 HCHO column dataJune 1997North American Hydrocarbon Emissions Measured from SpacePaul Palmer, Daniel Jacob, Arlene Fiore, Randall Martin, Dorian Abbot, Kelly Chance, Thomas KurosuDivision of Engineering a
Harvard - MVM - 2007
Overview of the 2002 North American Plume Injection HeightsMISR PlumesMariaValMartin,JenniferA.Loganand RoseYevich HarvardUniversity Fok-YanLeungWashingtonStateUniversityThanks to David Diner, David Nelson and Yang Chen (JPL) and Ralph Kahn (
Harvard - KFB - 2007
Folkert BoersmaReducing errors in using tropospheric NO2 columns observed from spaceMain use of satellite observations: estimatingxEMEPWhat is so uncertain about emissions? emissions of NO quantities locations times trends But we can see
Harvard - SWU - 2006
Global Change and Air PollutionShiliang Wu1, Daniel J. Jacob1, Loretta J. Mickley1, David Rind2, David Streets3Background1Harvard University2NASA/GISS3Argonne National LaboratoryQuestion: How will global change affect our goals for clean a
Harvard - RAY - 2008
Ray Nassar, Jennifer Logan, Lee Murray, Lin Zhang, Inna Megretskaia Harvard University COSPAR, Montreal, 2008 July 13-19ElNioSouthernOscillation(ENSO)OceanicAtmosphericphenomenon warmphaseElNio coldphaseLaNiaNio3.4SSTanomaliesandchangesinocean
Harvard - LJM - 2003
The Human Influence on Climate: How much is known, What's in store for us?Loretta Mickley Harvard UniversityCO2 concentrations, Mauna LoaSome background: What do I do? Develop chemical models of the atmosphere Analyze measurements of chemica
Harvard - CLH - 2003
TRANSPACIFIC SATELLITE AND AIRCRAFT OBSERVATIONS OF ASIAN POLLUTIONColette L. Heald, Daniel J. Jacob, Arlene M. Fiore, Louisa Emmons, John C. Gille, Merritt N. Deeter, Juying Warner, David P. Edwards, Glen W. Sachse, Edward V. Browell, Melody A. Ave
Harvard - MAK - 2008
CONSISTENCY among MOPITT, SCIA, AIRS and TESmeasurements of CO using the GEOS-Chem model as a comparison platformMonika Kopacz, JennyFisher, Daniel Jacob, Jennifer Logan, Lin Zhang, Meghan Purdy Michael Buchwitz, Iryna Khlystova, John Burrows, (SC
Harvard - RJP - 2006
NATURAL AND TRANSBOUNDARY POLLUTION INFLUENCES ON REGIONAL VISIBILITY STATISTICS IN THE UNITED STATESRokjin Parkwith support from EPRI, NASA Dalhousie University, May 19, 2006NATIONAL PARKS AND OTHER NATURAL AREAS IN THE U.S. SUFFER SIGNIFICANT
Harvard - PIP - 2004
Using satellite observations of HCHO column to better understand natural NMVOC emission processesPaul Palmer, Dorian Abbot, May Fu, Daniel Jacob, Bill Munger, Kelly Chance, Alex Guenther, Mike Pilling, Jenny Stanton, Shelley Pressley, Brian La
Harvard - NSF - 2010
IMDS TutorialIntegrated Microarray Database System1IMDS User Interface FunctionsI. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII.Logging in to the database. Entering a new experiment. Searching for experiments. Updating an experiment. Entering new sources. Enterin
Harvard - CE - 0
Cultural Competency on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual or Transgender (LGBT)Norm Kalbfleisch MD, Terri Schmidt MDAbstractThere are over 100 million patient encounters each year in emergency departments across the country. As emergency care providers, we
Harvard - C - 104310
Hospitalists as Teachers: The Issues, the Challenges, and the OpportunitiesDan Hunt, M.D. Director, Inpatient Clinician Educator Service Department of Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital dphunt@partners.org An annotated bibliographyWachter RM,
Harvard - CF - 3
MS Outlook 2007 Secure IMAP Configuration Settings for Windows-based PC for HMS Local and Remote Usage OverviewHarvard Medical School (HMS) recently made some adjustments to allow students the ability of accessing their HMS student email remotely wi
Harvard - FB - 95014
PE R S PE C TI V Eimproving health care for the lesbian and gay communitiesImproving Health Care for the Lesbian and Gay CommunitiesHarvey J. Makadon, M.D. n my 40th birthday, I made two important decisions regarding my health: I would finally s
Harvard - C - 81
Harvard Medical School Information Technology Computer TrainingSpring - Summer 2007HMS Information Technology Computer Training Table of ContentsINFORMATION TECHNOLOGY TRAINING OVERVIEW..3 CLIENT SERVICES GROUP (CSG) .3 RESEARCH IMAGING SOLUTIONS
Harvard - E - 6754
[HMS SUGGESTED MODEL] INDUSTRY-ACADEMIC CONSULTING AGREEMENTThis Agreement is made this _ day of _, 200_, by and between (the "Company"), a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the , and (the "Consultant"), an employee and faculty m
Harvard - ED - 21
INDUSTRY-ACADEMIC CONSULTING AGREEMENTThis Agreement is made this _ day of _, 200_, by and between (the "Company"), a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the , and (the "Consultant"), an employee and faculty member of Harvard Medic
Harvard - A - 6963478
ESTABLISHING AN EFFECTIVE COMPLIANCE PROGRAM, COMPLIANCE RISK ASSESSMENTS, AND THE ROLE OF GENERAL COUNSEL June 25-28, 2006 PETER HARRINGTON Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts and TOM SCHUMACHER University of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minnesot
Harvard - BD - 88
From Guidelines for Investigators in Clinical ResearchINTRODUCTION. These guidelines outline principles that should be followed at Harvard Medical School when conducting research The implementation of these guidelines rests within each of the affi
Harvard - A - 103860
LIST OF ACCEPTED DONATIONSbinders books calculators CD-ROMs CDs coat hangers colored paper (blank!) desk organizers discs drawer organizers/ dividers excess paper clips file stackers folders (of all descriptions) hanging folders hole p
Harvard - EAF - 914
Addendum to Consulting Agreement Between (Company) and (Consultant) Company acknowledges that Consultants primary employment responsibility is to Harvard Medical School and Harvard University (together, "HMS") and that Consultants obligations under H
Harvard - BB - 247972
List of Accepted Donationsfor Freecycling Day 4/22/08 binders books calculators CD-ROMs CDs coat hangers colored paper (blank!) desk organizers discs draw organizers/dividers excess paper clips file stackers folders (of all d
Harvard - P - 030
,OBSERVER-1,OBSERVER-2,DATE,STAND,STATION,TREE#,SPECIES,15sec,20sec,25sec,30sec,CLASS,15sec,20sec,25sec,30sec,CLASS,ACORNS ON GROUND25-Aug-99,PH,1/2,12,RO,7,8,9,11,2,8,11,15,21,2,SOME (MANY UNDEVELOPED)25-Aug-99,PH,1/3,1/3,RO,8,11,13,17,2,7,9,9,12
Harvard - P - 026
depth,Tsu,Pin,Abi,Pic,Lar,Cupae,Slx,Pop,Car,Jug,Os_Ca,Bet,Fag,Cas,Que,Ulm,Mor,Cel,Lir,Liq,Pla,Ace,Ace_r,Ace_s,Ace_n,Ace_i,Til,Nys,Fra,Cor,Myr,Aln,Rib,Rhu,Aquae,Vit,Crn,Ercae,Sam,Rha,Capae,Poaae,Zea_m,Cypae,Urt,Rum,Ch_Am,Cryae,Ran,Braae,Sax,Rosae,Crn_
Harvard - P - 048
Plot,Subplot,Type,Cover02HG1,1,rock,0HG1,1,tree stem,0HG1,1,woody debris,25HG1,2,rock,0HG1,2,tree stem,5HG1,2,woody debris,0HG1,3,rock,0HG1,3,tree stem,0HG1,3,woody debris,0HG1,4,rock,0HG1,4,tree stem,0HG1,4,woody debris,0HG1,5,rock,0HG
Harvard - P - 035
Stand,Site,N,Plot,pH,Water,PARCanopy,PARHerb,NH4,NO3Hemlock,1,0,1,4.35,0.2368,0.93,100.000,0.0000,0.1242Hemlock,1,2.5,1,4.33,0.2276,1.255,100.000,0.3895,0.2590Hemlock,1,7.5,1,4.6,0.2799,1.144,100.000,0.3492,0.5036Hemlock,1,0,2,4.18,0.3194,1.246,9
Harvard - P - 044
CODE,GENUS,SPECIES,NOTESACERPLA,Acer,platanoides,ACERRUB,Acer,rubrum,ACHIMIL,Achillea,millefolium,AGRO,Agrostis,spp.,Difficult genus; lumpedAILAALT,Ailanthus,altissima,AIRAPRA,Aira,praecox,ALETFAR,Aletris,farinosa,ALLI,Allium,spp.,ALLIVIN,Al
Harvard - P - 027
DepthAgeErrorDating(cm) (yrs bp)(yrs)Method1. Aino Pond2.02.2Pb2104.06.3Pb2106.08.7Pb2108.011.4Pb21010.015.4Pb21012.018.8Pb21014.023.5Pb21016.030.3Pb21018.037.6Pb21020.045.1Pb21022.050.1Pb21024.0
Harvard - P - 05
Plot#,Site,fern,manipulation,rm94,ro94,wa94,wp94,yb94,rm95,wa95,yb95,rmdistance,rodistance,wadistance ,wpdistance,ybdistanceDM1-1,PH3B,DEPU,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,7.9,2.0,19.0,100.0,1.5DM1-2,PH3B,DEPU,1,10,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,7.5,3.8,4.3,100.0,9.7DM1-3,PH3B,
Harvard - P - 051
Plot#,Site,fern,manipulation,rm94,ro94,wa94,wp94,yb94,rm95,wa95,yb95,rmdistance,rodistance,wadistance ,wpdistance,ybdistanceDM1-1,PH3B,DEPU,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,7.9,2.0,19.0,100.0,1.5DM1-2,PH3B,DEPU,1,10,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,7.5,3.8,4.3,100.0,9.7DM1-3,PH3B,
Harvard - P - 04
,CLEAR,CLEAR,CLEAR,CLEAR,CLEAR,CLEAR,CLEAR,CLEAR,CLEAR,CLEAR,CLEAR,OVER,OVER,OVER,OVER,OVER,OVER,OVER,OVER,OVER,OVER,OVER,COMB,COMB,COMB,COMB,COMB,COMB,COMB,COMB,COMB,COMB,COMBINEDSTAT, SITE,PLOT,PPFTOT,PPFMEAN,PPFQYR,PPFOPT,PPFINH,TAMEAN,TAINH,TS1M
Harvard - P - 049
,CLEAR,CLEAR,CLEAR,CLEAR,CLEAR,CLEAR,CLEAR,CLEAR,CLEAR,CLEAR,CLEAR,OVER,OVER,OVER,OVER,OVER,OVER,OVER,OVER,OVER,OVER,OVER,COMB,COMB,COMB,COMB,COMB,COMB,COMB,COMB,COMB,COMB,COMBINEDSTAT, SITE,PLOT,PPFTOT,PPFMEAN,PPFQYR,PPFOPT,PPFINH,TAMEAN,TAINH,TS1M
Harvard - P - 089
Site-Plot,Charcoal,Bedrock,AspectDeg,SlopeDeg,InsolMay,C:N,N%,C%,Seep,Stream,Pit/Mnd,Moisture ,TSI,Landscape,Oicm,Oecm,Oacm,Ototal,Acm,AR,BlkDnsty,CutBA,%Bedrock,%Rock,%Cwd,Tec,[H+],pH,SMPBuffer,OM%,ENR,SolSulf,EE,EE_ppm,Ca,Ca_ppm,Mg,Mg_ppm,K,K_ppm,N
Harvard - P - 089
Site-Plot,LUCode,Charcoal,Bedrock,AspectDeg,SlopeDeg,InsolMay,C:N,N%,C%,Seep,Stream,Pit/Mnd,Moisture,TSI,Landscape,Oicm,Oecm,Oacm,Ototal,Acm,AR,BulkDnsty,Cut BA,%Bedrock,%Rock,%CWD,%BareSoil,TEC,pH,H+,SMPBuffer,OM%,ENR,SolSulf,EE,EE_ppm,Ca,Ca_ppm,Mg,
Harvard - P - 07
transect,point,dpf,depth without clay,depth (probed),Woody peat(1),Shrub,Sedge/Shrub,Gyttja with macrofossils,Gyttja,Clay,T 9 N,7,0,0,T 9 ,G,32,32,0-32,T 9,F,140,140,0-140,T 9,E,93,93,0-93,T 9 S,22,0,0,T F W,23.5,0,0,T E W ,19,0,0,T 8 N,2.5,
Harvard - P - 074
transect,point,dpf,depth without clay,depth (probed),Woody peat(1),Shrub,Sedge/Shrub,Gyttja with macrofossils,Gyttja,Clay,T 9 N,7,0,0,T 9 ,G,32,32,0-32,T 9,F,140,140,0-140,T 9,E,93,93,0-93,T 9 S,22,0,0,T F W,23.5,0,0,T E W ,19,0,0,T 8 N,2.5,
Harvard - P - 04
Year:,1984,1984,1984,1984,1984,1984,1984,1984,1984,1984,1984,1984,1984,1984,1990,1990,1990,1990,1990,1990,1990,1990,1990,1990,1990,1990,1990,1990Plot:,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14ACPE seedlings,1,many,1,4,4,many
Harvard - P - 041
Year:,1984,1984,1984,1984,1984,1984,1984,1984,1984,1984,1984,1984,1984,1984,1990,1990,1990,1990,1990,1990,1990,1990,1990,1990,1990,1990,1990,1990Plot:,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14ACPE seedlings,1,many,1,4,4,many
Harvard - P - 015
Species list from moss study of Prospect Hill01 ANAT Anomodon attenuatus02 ANRU Andreaea rupestris03 ANSP Anacamptodon splachnoides04 ATAN Atrichum angustatum05 ATCR Atrichum crispum06 ATUN Atrichum undulatum07 AUPA Aulac
Harvard - P - 029
Depth,Cupressaceae,Picea,Abies,Larix,Pinus undifferentiated,Pinus haploxylon,Pinus diploxylon,Tsuga,Taxus,Populus,Salix,Betula,Betula - small,Betulaceae,Ostrya-Carpinus,Fraxinus total,Fraxinus undifferentiated,Fraxinus nigra,Fraxinus pennsylvanica,Fr
Harvard - P - 073
Depth,Pinus undiff,Pinus haploxylon,Pinus diploxylon,Tsuga,Hemlock Stomates,Betula,Ostrya-Carpinus,Fraxinus americana,Fraxinus undif.,Quercus,Ulmus,Acer rubrum,Carya,Fagus,Castanea,Nyssa,Ilex,Alnus rugosa,Alnus undifferentiated,Poaceae,Ambrosia,Rumex
Harvard - P - 07
Depth,Cupressaceae,Picea,Abies,Larix,Pinus undifferentiated,Pinus haploxylon,Pinus diploxylon,Tsuga,Taxus,Populus,Salix,Betula,Betula - s,Betuloid,Ostrya-Carpinus,Fraxinus nigra,Fraxinus a,Fraxinus undifferentiated,Quercus,Ulmus,Acer saccharum,Acer r
Harvard - P - 076
Depth,Cupressaceae,Picea,Abies,Larix,Pinus undifferentiated,Pinus haploxylon,Pinus diploxylon,Tsuga,Taxus,Populus,Salix,Betula,Betula - s,Betuloid,Ostrya-Carpinus,Fraxinus nigra,Fraxinus a,Fraxinus undifferentiated,Quercus,Ulmus,Acer saccharum,Acer r
Harvard - P - 028
Depth,Tanypodinae,Ablabesmyia,Clinotanypus,Guttipelopia,Labrundinia,Procladius,Orthocladiinae,Corynoneura/Thienemanniella,Cricotopus/Orthocladius,Eukiefferiella,Heterotanytarsus,Heterotrissocladius,Nanocladius,Psectrocladius,Synorthocladius,Zalutschi
Harvard - RELEASE - 0
SIN(3) BSD Programmer's Manual SIN(3)NAME sin - sine functionSYNOPSIS #include <math.h> double sin(double x); float sinf(float x);DESCRIPTION The sin() function compu
Harvard - RELEASE - 0
ISDIGIT(3) BSD Programmer's Manual ISDIGIT(3)NAME isdigit - decimal-digit character testSYNOPSIS #include <ctype.h> int isdigit(int c);DESCRIPTION The isdigit() function tests for any d
Harvard - RELEASE - 0
CATGETS(3) BSD Programmer's Manual CATGETS(3)NAME catgets - retrieve string from message catalogSYNOPSIS #include <nl_types.h> char * catgets(nl_catd catd, int set_id, int msg_id, char *s);D
Harvard - RELEASE - 0
HASH(3) HASH(3)NAME hash - hash database access methodSYNOPSIS #include <sys/types.h> #include <db.h>DESCRIPTION The routine dbopen is the library interface to
Harvard - RELEASE - 0
FTS(3) BSD Programmer's Manual FTS(3)NAME fts - traverse a file hierarchySYNOPSIS #include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/stat.h> #include <fts.h> FTS * fts_open(char * const *p
Harvard - RELEASE - 0
VFORK(2) BSD Programmer's Manual VFORK(2)NAME vfork - spawn new process in a virtual memory efficient waySYNOPSIS #include <unistd.h> pid_t vfork(void);DESCRIPTION Vfork() can be us
Harvard - RELEASE - 0
LD.SO.CONF(5) BSD Programmer's Manual LD.SO.CONF(5)NAME ld.so.conf - run-time link-editor configuration fileDESCRIPTION The ld.so.conf file specifies the directories to be added to the hints file used by
Harvard - RELEASE - 0
MOTD(5) BSD Programmer's Manual MOTD(5)NAME motd - file containing message(s) of the dayDESCRIPTION The file /etc/motd is normally displayed by login(1) after a user has logged in but before t
Harvard - RELEASE - 0
PROTOCOLS(5) BSD Programmer's Manual PROTOCOLS(5)NAME protocols - protocol name data baseDESCRIPTION The protocols file contains information regarding the known protocols used in the DARPA Internet. Fo
Harvard - RELEASE - 0
RCMD(3) BSD Programmer's Manual RCMD(3)NAME rcmd, rresvport, iruserok, ruserok - routines for returning a stream to a remote commandSYNOPSIS #include <unistd.h> int rcmd(char *ahost
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CLOCK(3) BSD Programmer's Manual CLOCK(3)NAME clock - determine processor time usedSYNOPSIS #include <time.h> clock_t clock(void);DESCRIPTION The clock() function determines the amo
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ACCT(2) BSD Programmer's Manual ACCT(2)NAME acct - enable or disable process accountingSYNOPSIS #include <unistd.h> int acct(const char *file);DESCRIPTION The acct() call enables
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GETNETENT(3) BSD Programmer's Manual GETNETENT(3)NAME getnetent, getnetbyaddr, getnetbyname, setnetent, endnetent - get network entrySYNOPSIS #include <netdb.h> struct netent * getnetent();
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GETHOSTNAME(3) BSD Programmer's Manual GETHOSTNAME(3)NAME gethostname, sethostname - get/set name of current hostSYNOPSIS #include <unistd.h> int gethostname(char *name, int namelen); int s
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RANDOM(3) BSD Programmer's Manual RANDOM(3)NAME random, srandom, initstate, setstate - better random number generator; routines for changing generatorsSYNOPSIS #include <stdlib.h> long