study Christianity sheet
Apostles: the first generation of Jesus' followers Charismatic: characterized by spiritual gifts such as glassolalia (speaking in "tounges" a distinguishing feature of charismatic movements) Eucharist: the ritual re-enactment of Jesus' sacrifice of himself, patterned after his sharing of bread and wine as his body and blood at the final Passover meal with his disciples. Orthodox Christians term it the lituergy, Catholics the mass, and Protestants the Lord's Supper or Holy Communition. Evangelican: in Germany, a name for the Lutheran Church, in the English-speaking world, a description of conservative Protestants with a confident sense of the assurance of divine grace and the obligation to preach it. Gnostic: an ancient movement that believed the material world to be the evil result of a fall from pure spiritual existence. Christian Gnostics viewed Jesus as the bearer of a secret, saving knowledge through which the faithful would be redeemed from this material realm. Lent: the period of forty days, not counting Sundays, leading up to Easter; the season for the most serious Christian spiritual reflection. Mass: the Roman Catholic Eucharistic ceremony, in which bread and wine are eaten as the body and blood of Christ, celebrated in Latin until 1965 and in local languages since then. Sacrament: a spiritual action seen as signifying grace. The most widely accepted sacraments are baptism and the Eucharist, although the Catholic Church recognizes five others. Trinity: the concept of God as having three "persons" or manifestations: as father, as son, as Holy Spirit. The doctrine of the Trinity emerged in the late third century and was adopted after vigorous debate in the fourth. Reformation: Three main establishments emerged from the Reformation in the course of the sixteenth century: Lutheran, Angilican, and Calvinist. (Anabaptists are considered non-establishments) Nicene Creed: reflects the emergence of the explicit doctrine of the Trinity; that God has three manifestations or person (see above). Easter: feast of Jesus' resurrection Christmas: birth of Jesus (mass of Christ) Constantine: conversion to Catholicism print of bible in German versus Latin, selling of Ind, elevation of priest to decrease (more like laypeople) Martin Luther: 1517 enabled the Protestant Reformation. Purgatory. John Calvin: 1520s to 1560s imposed rigorous norms of doctrine and conduct in the city of Geneva. Henry VIII: 1527 wanted a male heir, Catherine previously married to his deceased brother. Married Anne and wanted divorce. Book of Common Prayer (1549) clergy could not marry. Joseph Smith: 1830 The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) John Wesley: 1720s pietism inspired him conversion: a complete renewal of faith accompanied by certainty of divine forgiveness and acceptance.
Why do many Christians believe that Christianity is the only true religion? One being - God Why is Paul such an important figure in early Christianity? The principle influence on the direction of the early Church. (principle architect of the Early Church) Although he persecuted Christians, he experienced a personal encounter with the post-resurrection Jesus that reoriented his life (he later converted) Paul refers to himself as the apostle to the gentiles. He opposed that in order to follow Jesus one must be a Jew...etc. Faith in Jesus and the divine grace that comes through him for salvation to be attained. Christian communities were established in many of the port citied of the Roman Empire. What was the major issue that caused the split between the Eastern Orthodox and Catholic churches? 1054 Greek and Latin Christianity: differences in language and culture, but once again a theological formulation provided the rallying point for rival factions whose differences were primarily political. Distinction of Holy Spirit Eastern 2D icons, Eucharist was raised bread. What was the purpose of the Council of Trent? To correct the abuses that Luther condemned.1545 has Enforce discipline and end the abuses and excesses that had so weakened the Church's credibility as an institution. Reiterated the traditional underlying of the mass as a sacrifice, reaffirmed the author of institutional tradition alongside scripture, and upheld the idea of distinct status and function for priests as intermediaries. Reaffirmed the tradition of celibacy for priest and seminaries for training.
What was Vatican II? What was its purpose? 1958 established the doctrine of papal infallibility 1964 Promote reconciliation with other branches of Christianity (ecumenism One church and one church only) What two sacraments are common to almost all Christians? Baptized and Eucharist - Bread (body) and wine (blood) What are icons? Which Christians venerate them? The Byzantine Church Icon (meaning image) is an entirely two-dimensional painting , often on a piece of wood, or it might be overlaid in low relief, in wood or precious metal, and ornamented with jewels. Iconoclasts (icon breakers) versus Iconodules (icon worshippers) In the second Council of Necaea in 787 icons were permissible and count be venerated, as long as not worshipped What are the synoptic gospels? How are they different from John? Gospels are four biographies of Jesus believed to have been written by four of his disciples: Mark, Luke, Matthew, and John. First three are synoptic gospels. Mark death of Jesus on the cross "Truly this was a son of God." Second in the New Testament, but earliest of the four gospels Begins with John the Baptist and declares the Sabbath is made for the people. Jesus continues to heal and teach and to challenge the priorities of religious authority. Recounts event in Jesus' life before his baptism Luke visions and portents anticipating the birth of John the Baptist as well as that of Jesus. More detail on trial and crucification of Jesus than Mark. Matthew persuade a Jewish audience of the truth of Jesus' claim to be the messiah. Mary conceived the child by the Holy Spirit before Joseph. John fourth gospel. Recount Jesus' Life to show how it fulfilled the Hebrew scriptures (as shown in Matthew). Rather, he is expressly concerned to assert the cosmic significance of that life and declare Jesus' identity as messiah and savior. What are some of the reasons for Christianity's spread? Missionary work, Kosher diet was hard to get converters, going to mass versus circumcision
DOCTRINAL ISSUES AT STAKE Catholicism Belief that Jesus Christ is Divine, a doctrine officially clarified in the First Council of Nicea and expressed in the Nicene Creed. - Belief that the Eucharist is really, truly, and objectively the Body and Blood of Christ, through the Real Presence. Many Catholics additionally believe that adoration and worship is due to the Eucharist, as the body and blood of Christ. Eastern Orthodoxy The Orthodox Church considers Jesus Christ to be the head of the Church and the Church to be his body. Orthodox Christians believe in a God who is both three and one (triune) - Baptism is the mystery which transforms the old sinful man into the new, pure man; the old life, the sins, any mistakes made are gone and a clean slate is given (after birth) Lutheranism believe that humans are saved from their sins by God's grace alone - Jesus Christ is both by nature God and by nature man in one person Power of the Holy spirit, of Jesus Christ - only two sacraments,[32] Baptism (after birth, adults too) and Holy Communion.
TRINITY - Nestorian churched: two separate persons, one divine and one human; eastward toward Asia - Monophysites: one person, with only a divine nature; from Ethiopia and Egypt to Syria and Armenia - One person, but with both a divine nature and a human one, Greek and Latin speaking churches.
c. 3 BCE c. 30 CE c. 30 c.120 c. 120 451 451 1517 1517 1600 17th century present
LIFETIME OF JESUS THE NEW TESTAMENT OR APOSTOLIC AGE THE EARLY CHURCH MEDIEVAL CHRISTIANITY THE PROTASTANT REFORMATION MODERN PERIOD