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Hierarchical Review: Networking (The Internet) CS162 Operating Systems and Systems Programming Lecture 22 Networking II November 15, 2006 Prof. John Kubiatowicz http://inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~cs162 How can we build a network with millions of hosts? Hierarchy! Not every host connected to every other one Use a network of Routers to connect subnets together Other subnets subnet1 Router Transcontinental Link...
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Hierarchical Review: Networking (The Internet)
CS162 Operating Systems and Systems Programming Lecture 22 Networking II
November 15, 2006 Prof. John Kubiatowicz http://inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~cs162
How can we build a network with millions of hosts?
Hierarchy! Not every host connected to every other one Use a network of Routers to connect subnets together
Other subnets subnet1
Router
Transcontinental Link
Router
Other subnets
subnet2
Router
subnet3
11/15/06
Kubiatowicz CS162 UCB Fall 2006
Lec 22.2
Review: Network Protocols Protocol: Agreement between two parties as to how information is to be transmitted
Review: Basic Networking Limitations The physical/link layer is pretty limited
Packets of limited size Packets can get lost or garbled Hardware routing limited to physical link or switch Physical routers crash/links get damaged
Maximum Transfer Unit (MTU): often 200-1500 bytes
Protocols on todays Internet:
NFS Transport Network Physical/Link Ethernet UDP
Physical level: mechanical and electrical network (e.g. how are 0 and 1 represented) Link level: packet formats/error control (for instance, the CSMA/CD protocol) Network level: network routing, addressing Transport Level: reliable message delivery RPC IP ATM Packet radio WWW TCP e-mail ssh
Handling Arbitrary Sized Messages:
Baltimore tunnel fire (July 2001): cut major Internet links
Must deal with limited physical packet size Split big message into smaller ones (called fragments)
Need resilient routing algorithms to send messages on wide area
Multi-hop routing mechanisms Redundant links/Ability to route around failed links
Kubiatowicz CS162 UCB Fall 2006
Checksum computed on each fragment or whole message
Must be reassembled at destination May happen on demand if packet routed through areas of reduced MTU (e.g. TCP)
11/15/06
Kubiatowicz CS162 UCB Fall 2006
Lec 22.3
11/15/06
Lec 22.4
Review: IP Packet Format IP Packet Format:
0 15 16 31 4 IHL ToS Total length(16-bits) 16-bit identification flags 13-bit frag off TTL protocol 16-bit header checksum 32-bit source IP address 32-bit destination IP address options (if any) Data IP Header Length Size of datagram (header+data) Flags & Fragmentation to split large messages
Goals for Today Networking
Reliable Messaging
TCP windowing and ...
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