Science Social JSA Lecture 1
Triumph and Fall of the Bourgeois World "La Belle poque" The beautiful era Social Darwinism Problems with the Bourgeois World? Wandervogel: Futurist Movement (F.T. Marinette) Nietzsche: Ubermensch and "The will to power" European political rivalry Triple Alliance: Germany; Austria-Hungary; Italy Triple Entente: Britain, France, Russia The Balkans Ottoman Empire; Serbia and the "Black Hand" Freud, WWI and the Bolshevik Revolutions of 1917 The battles of the Somme and Verdun Results of WWI The "1914 Generation" W.H. Auden and the "Age of Anxiety"
Social Science JSA Lecture 2
Depression 1929-1939: A Global Economic Crisis The depth of disruption unemployment in the USA stood between 2530%. The growth domestic product dropped significantly. Americans were suggesting the collapse of the government and a change to communism. The trigger: Wall Street crash, 1929 speculation and buying on margin is why the stock market crashed Fueled by speculative investment People would buy stocks, on credit, that they weren't sure would be good stocks Underlying causes Overproduction in Western agriculture During the great war, European farmers stopped producing anything that didn't have anything to do with the war. After the war, European farmers went back to work all at the same time food prices went down and because of that farmers didn't make a profit and because of that, more food couldn't be produced Postwar economic crisis in Europe, 1919-1924 Millions of dollars were spent on the war. o War economies convert to peace Treasures were exhausted after the war. During the war. USA and Japan took over the trade routes that weren't being used so now these were gone to the Europeans o Versailles system of German reparation Treaty that required Germany to pay for the war because Germany lost and the other nations blamed Germany for the war. Fragile European recovery 1925-1929 o Dawes Plan, 1924 US banks lend money to Germany, Germany rebuilds infrastructure and industry; Pays reparations, France and Britain use reparations to repay war loans to the US o Loss of international trade The countries weren't trading with anyone except their colonies o Reliance on short-term American investment When the stock market crashes in 1929, the Americans yank the money back to the US to help pay for their troubles Breakdown of the world trade and financing Kayne's analysis
Key to the market; money circulation Public works, consumers give money to business employers producers who give money to he public who are workers and consumers. Buisness spend money on wages, rents, interest, loans, investments and taxes. Public spend money on consumables, savings, taxes. Taxes go to the government and the goernment spens money on security, justice, and public works. Problem: money flow interrupted Consumers don't spend so much money to the businesses because they loose their jobs and one businesses realize people aren't spending money, they shut down and put more people out of work Solution: Government intervention the key was hiring people in public works
Social Science JSA Lecture 3
The Rise of Fascism Fascism is a rejection of modernity: the search for gemeinschaftichkeit small community circle of intimate relations. Rejected western ideals because they thought western culture had failed. The attack on communism and liberalism Fascism is a rebellion against these two. For communism, what was real was that conflict of the material world would lead to overproduction. Fascists were idealists. They believed that the nation state was a mystical body to which all was owed. Fascists believed they were part of a Jewish conspiracy to dominate the world. Fascists highlighted the national and because the Jews had no nation of their own they thought that they were trying to take over other nations for their own. Fascists viewed liberalism as having too much freedom because freedom was the monopoly of the state. The fascists wouldn't allow democratic opposition because that leads to divisiveness and that would lead to the nation breaking up. Fascists didn't think that people should be seen as equal because people weren't all equal. Fascists championed the Ubermench which was their "superman" who could put themselves before the state. A definition Latin word that refers to the symbol of power carried by the Roman warriors. Battle ax that had a bundle of sticks tied together at the bottom to represent strength (ax) and unity (bundle of sticks). "Fascism is an anti-rational, authoritian, anticommunist movement which seeks to reorganize society along the mystical lines of race or nation. Its objective is to reintegrate the isolated individual into a larger whole, this being either the race or the nation Fascism's audience countries that hadn't come to modernity where the bourgeoisies hadn't been able to develop fully into a powerful economic class with their own distinct culture. Why not America? There were fascist like movements in the US with some followings. A priest was the leader of one of the biggest movements, The National Union of Social Justice. He said: The depression was caused by big business, banks and communism, all that were controlled by Jews. There wasn't a call for fascism
because there was a long history of democracy in American and a ideal of independence o Fr. Charles Coughlin; Rev. Gerald Smith; Dr. Francis Townsend Coughlin was the priest Simith and Townsend were his followers Why Germany? Nazism came to Germany because Germany came under the power of Bizmark who hated liberalism. The middle classes didn't have a lot of power. Germany had industrialized by strong government direction very quickly. They skipped the stage of industrial development were small businesses played a role. o National socialism (Nazism) Social reforms were past such as a social welfare program for workers. This undercut the socialistic appeal Hitler's rise to power Versailles Peace Treaty. 1919 - After WWI, Germans couldn't understand why they had lost because the Newspapers said they were winning for so long. The treaty had said that Germany caused the war and therefore had to pay for the whole thing The Weimar Republic 1919-33 The capital of Germany was moved from Berlin to Weimar because of Berlins connotation with authoritarianism. Germans always had a government to look to when they needed help and to place blame on but now they began capitalism and they weren't ready to blame themselves so they were looking for a better government o The Inflation of 1923 Government fell behind in their debt plans and in retaliation, the French and Belgians occupied the country. The Germans asked their workers to strike in a form of passive retaliation. Then the government decided to print money to support the workers, without regard to the backing. o 1924 Dawes Plan; 1929 Young Plan Solved the inflation problem by making payments more realistic. The plan was to have the debt paid off by 1988. Germany got loans from the USA. When the stock market in the USA collapsed, the US pulled out and Germany lost their money
Hitler's goals Wanted to destroy all that wad diseased in Germany. He wanted to get rid of the Weimar republic and the Jews. o Lebensraum living space for an expanding state, rearmament, and economic recovery o Autarky economic self sufficiency by taking over other countries o Enabling Act, 1933 Gave Hitler full legislative responsibility for 4 years o Dr. Goebbels Was the man behind training soldiers to watch their parents and look for people against Hitler Volksgemeinschaft Nazi Race supremacy
Social Science JSA Lecture 4
A World At War Lighting the Fuse Versailles Peace Settlement of 1919 Imposed harsh punishments for Germany who was seen as the cause of WWI. The Allies forced her to accept responsibility for starting the war and was force to pay for it. In the early 1930s, Hitler took power because Germany was so angry at the Allies. Maybe if the Allies hadn't been so hard on Germany, he wouldn't have. Germany wasted no time on attacking the other European Powers The Failure of Diplomacy: Kellog-Briand Pact (1928) Outlawed the practice of war within the international community. While this agreement was a noble and idealistic attempt to prevent war, it failed to provide diplomatic safeguards to ensure that it was kept up. So it was "all sizzle and no steak." There were skeptics against this Economic: Germany is under a financial crisis. The rearmament program was able to bring Germany back to financial stability. Germany and Italy were able to bring the economies back to normal by upping their armies. In order for territorial expansions to succeed, the countries would need the OK from France and Great Brittan. Appeasement was the last cause because Brittan and France gave the ok to Germany and Italy because they didn't want to fight anymore. They didn't want another lost generation on their hands. They also felt guilty and wishful realized and that Germany had been badly mistreated at the Versailles Peace convention. Fascist Offensive Neither Germany nor Italy were ever happy with the land they had Invasion of Ethiopia (March, 1935) Italy attacked Ethiopia, which was taken easily Annex. Of Rhineland (March 1936) Germany took the Rhineland with ease. This land was designed to give France a buffer against another war with Germany but now it was gone. Hitler saw how easy it was to take the Rhineland so they took Austria and then Czechoslovakia
Seizure of Sudetenland (September 1938) Another part of Czechoslovakia that Germany took easily. France and Brittan made an alliance with Poland and other countries and said that they wouldn't tolerate an invasion of these countries Invasion of Poland (September 1939) Germany attacked Poland and this was the last straw for Brittan and France. Stalin, who was the leader of Russia, believed that Brittan and France were pusing him to take Russia. So, Stalin signed the Nazi-Soviet Pact (1939) which said that neither Russia nor Germany would attack each other or align with other countries against each other. Fall of France and Dunkirk (June 1940) Germany took France at Dunkirk and British troops were forced to flee very quickly or be killed by the Germans. Winston Churchill believed that they needed to fight Hitler to the last man or a new dark age would come. Hitler ordered preparations be made for an invasion of England. If Germany were to win, they would need Air supremacy over Brittan. Battle of Brittan (Aug-Sept 1940) Germany attacked Brittan from the skies but Brittan was able to attack and weaken the air force enough that Germany couldn't attack Brittan anymore. Invasino of USSR (June, 1941) Hitler decided that they needed to attack Russia but thanks to a harsh Russian Winter, Germany was defeated. Pearl Harbor Attack (Dec 1941) Japan launched a surprise attack on the US at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. But, Hitler had signed the Tripartile Pact (1940) which aligned Germany with Japan and then Hitler got a war he didn't want. The Grand Alliance and Victory The Grand Alliance the US, Great Brittan, and Russia allied together and launched an attack on Germany held France on D-Day (June 1944). They took control of France, Hitler committed suicide, and Germany surrendered unconditionally. Japan Surrendered after Bombs were attacked on Hiroshima and Nagasaki (August 1945) Italy dropped out of the war after Mussolini was assassinated by his own people
Legacy End of fascism as a serious political and military fource Concept of total war when an entire population is mobilized for war efforts Idea that every human life has value no longer seemed to apply WWII led directly to the rapid decline and fall of colonial empires around the world. Nationalism was a legacy because countries felt invested within their own country Breakup of the Grand Alliance The US and Brittan VS Russia in the Cold war. This wouldn't resolve itself for half a century. Lucky for us, these divisions never lead to a WWIII The Holocaust 6 million Jews were killed by the Germans. They were thought to be a cancer to European Society on the basis of their cultural and religious attitudes. The reasons why they were killed: Long standing anti Semitism in German society. Hitler and company tapped into this to gain political popularity State Paranoia The fascists believed that there was a secret Jewish alliance against German Society. It was easier to kill perceived traders than a normal group of people Modern Technology In order to carry out a system of genocide, Germany would need the right technology. Gas Chambers and Crematoria gave them these technologies. They were modern efficiently run factories that specialized in mass murder Jews, Homosexuals, Gypsies and many other groups were starved, medically tested on, and required to perform back breaking labor. A concentration camp survivor said he would never be the same person again Judgment at Nuremburg Nuremburg Trials (1945-1946) Members of Hitler's government were put on trial for crimes against humanity. of the people on trial were put to death and the other half were given long sentences.
Social Science JSA Lecture 5
The Recovery of Europe and the Era of the Superpowers The aftermath of WWI 2 Nations were now in charge. The Soviet Union and the US and neither had much experience as a superpower. The Superpowers: America vs. the USSR The problem with these 2 nations being super powers is that they were polar opposites economically, socially, and traditionally. US Nationalism: "The City on a Hill" and the evangelical mission = American exceptionalism o Special place. Different from other countries because it was a direct creation of people who had fled Europe for religious and cultural freedom. It was the first country that wasn't made of all people of the same race. What became the root of being American was a common ideology, a vision of democracy that our founding fathers hoped would be a model for the world. It was the democratic idea that constituted the citizens of the US. Of all the nations of the world, US nationalism is the most ideological because it is a set of ideas in themselves that constitute being American. Americans have envisioned themselves of having an exceptional mission to expand democracy. The Puritans wanted to spread the word of god. Our founding fathers had a mission to create a democratic model that the rest of the world cold follow The Soviet Union Never experienced a revolution, renaissance, or anything that most nations had experienced to get to modernization. o Marx Lenin Stalin Marx His ideas inspired the ideals of the Soviet Union Lenin He created the Soviet Union and they wanted to crush capitalism Stalin Came to power by using a gun. When the communists lost an election, they went in with guns, asked the leaders to go home or be shot, and they did. Stalin had many people murdered so he could come to power, he may have even had his wife murdered
The Cold War Describes the competition between the US and the Soviet Union. It nearly brought the world to nuclear destruction. Capitalism won because... Why did the West win? We played an active role in the world unlike most of the European Countries. o Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan Marshal Plan Gave money to help rebuild Europe. It was a product of enlightened self interest because if we didn't then we wouldn't have anyone to buy our good and we wouldn't get their products, and we needed to end communist revolutions o Keynesian Economics The Marshall plan put money into the cycle of the recovery De-colonization Third World nations De-colonization and the Cold War Fukuyama's answer: The End of History and The Last Man the end of history is brought on by liberalism The "struggle for recognition" A critique of Fukuyama - capitalism promotes democracy, that is sort of a problem Free-Market capitalism described by Adam Smith. Required democracy because it was based on open and free competition State-controlled capitalism (authoritarian capitalism) China Private corporate capitalism US and Erope President Eisenhower: the military-industrial complex
Social Science JSA Lecture 6
Globalization What is globalization? The growing economic interdependence of countries worldwide through increasing volume and variety of cross border transactions in goods and services, free international capital flows, and more rapid and widespread diffusion of technology (International Monetary Fund) Roots in colonialism and imperialism Europe imported raw materials form its colonies and exported its goods. Comparative advantage: David Riardo "specialize in what a country does best Problems with comparative advantage No comparable value, Prices fluctuate, one crop only mono-cropping, plantation economy, less food production Economic alternatives Dependency theory Non western nations being too dependent on non western nations. Rual Prebisch Import Substitution industrialization Unintended consequences o Improts the same, exports fell o Debt increases The debt crisis Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Before the 1970s these oil producing countries gave oil to the west at cheep prices. Petrodollar loans Mexico Defaults 1982 The government announced it couldn't pay its debts International Monetary Fund Intervened in Mexico. It was established to prevent another Hitler from rising to power Neoliberalism let the market rule Structural sdjustment programs o Privatization Export-led industrialization Economic picture of asian countries were different than Latin American ones
o Export tariffs Agriculture educations o The four asian tigers Tiwan South Korea Hong Kong Sinapore Global production Multinational corporations, The internaional division of labor Conclusions Wealthy countries and national elites benifit the most from globalization, Internatinal trade essential to economic develppement, Multinational corporate dominance is increaseing