Which 1. of these techniques can be utilized to insert foreign DNA into a cell? A) Electroporation B) Southern blotting C) Polymerase chain reaction D) Site directed mutagenesis E) Gel electrophoresis
2. Which of these techniques can be utilized to amplify specific DNA sequences? A) Electroporation B) Southern blotting C) Polymerase chain reaction D) Site directed mutagenesis E) Gel electrophoresis
3. Which of the following levels of taxonomic classification is most specific? A) Genus B) Species C) Genera D) Phylum E) Domain 4. Microbiologists consider data from which of the following to be most accurate at discerning phylogenetic relationships? A) G+C content B) Cellular morphology C) Gram staining D) rRNA sequences E) Protein sequences 5. Which of the following ideas explains the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts? A) Genome Fusion Hypothesis B) Endosymbiosis Hypothesis C) Binomial System of Nomeclature D) Eight Kingdom System E) Natural Classification Theory 6. Which of the following phyla represent photosynthetic bacteria? A. Bacteroidetes B. Bordetella C. Rhizobium D. Cyanobacteria E. Spirochaetes 7. Which of the following are obligate intracellular parasites of humans? A. Salmonella enterica B. Vibrio cholera C. Yersinia pestis D. Klebsiella pneumoniae E. Chlamydia trachomatis
8. The microbe pictured on the right most likely causes which of the following disease? A. Chlamydia B. Syphilis C. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever D. Typhus E. Whooping Cough
9. Which of the following will be part of the normal human microbiota? A. Escherichia coli B. Coxiella burnetti C. Agrobacterium tumafaciens D. Pseudomonas aeruginosa E. Nitrococcus mobilis 10. Which of the following will move by gliding motility? A. Myxococcus B. Bacteriodetes C. Rhizobium D. Spirochaetes E. Neisseria 11. Which of the following statements is true of all proteobacteria? A. They are all motile. B. They are all Gram negative. C. They are all inhabitants of the digestive tract. D. They all cause human disease. E. They are all chemoautotrophs. 12. Which of the following is considered to be a genus of enteric bacteria? A. Salmonella B. Vibrio C. Bordetella D. Neisseria E. Pseudomonas 13. Which of the following statements about influenza virus is true? A. It infects only human hosts. B. It is Gram negative. C. It is an organism within the domain archaea. D. It is an RNA virus. E. It has a circular genome.
Matching 14. ______
Most commonly used bacteria in biotechnology
A. Agrobacterium tumafaciens B. Bordetella pertussis
15. ______
Will exist as reticulate bodies and elementary bodies
C. Bdellovibrio vorus D. Campylobacter fetus
16. ______
May contain natural, fluorescent pigments
E. Chlamydia trachomatis F. Escherichia coli
17. ______
Causes bacillary dysentery
G. Haemophilus influenzae H. Helicobacter pylori
18. ______
Causes stomach ulcers
I. Lactobacillus casei J. Micrococcus luteus
19. ______
Predatory bacteria
K. Mycobacterium tuberculosis L. Neisseria gonorrhoeae
20. ______
May live inside arthropod vectors
M. Propionibacterium acnes N. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
21. ______
Responsible for bubonic plague
O. Rickettsia rickettsii P. Shigella dysenteriae
22. ______
Causes septicemia and enteritis in humans
Q. Staphylococcus R. aureus Streptococcus pyogenes
23. ______
Move via axial filaments
S. Treponema pallidum T. Vibrio cholera
24. ______
Causes cholera
U. Yersinia pestis
25. ______
Causes the most common STD
26. Do you consider viruses to be life forms? Why or why not?
27. What is cDNA? How does one go about making a cDNA library?
28. Order the following events in the virus `life cycle' or viral replication cycle: Adsorption, Assembly, Penetration, Release, Synthesis, and Uncoating 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)
29. How is antigenic drift different from antigenic shift?
30. What are two main types of influenza virus surface antigens?
31. Explain why Taq polymerase is used in a PCR reaction instead of a polymerase derived from eukaryotic cells.
32. DNA can be engineered and combined from multiple sources. Advances in DNA biotechnology have given scientists the ability to manipulate basic genetic elements. A DNA construct may take the form of a bacterial plasmid consisting of a ______________________, which is a carrier of DNA, into which foreign DNA or insert can be placed.
33. To accomplish this, the ends of the two pieces of DNA must be compatible with one another. Compatible sticky ends of DNA can be made by cutting both with the same _______________________.
34. The DNA fragments are combined and ligated together to create the final construct. The newly generated DNA can be put into bacterial cells by transformation. The DNA may also be put into eukaryotic cells by several different means. For example, the DNA particles may be attached to small gold particles and shot into cells using a ________________________.
35. Engineered DNA constructs may also be put into plant cells if the foreign DNA is put into a Ti plasmid. Introduction of DNA into a plant genome using the Ti plasmid will require the bacterium ______________________________________, which is an alphaproteobacteria that can invade the crowns, roots, and stems of many plants.
36. To determine if the plant cell has incorporated the foreign DNA into its genome, a _______________ blot might be performed. This technique uses a radioactively labeled or a fluorescently labeled hybridization probe to search for the presence of a specific DNA fragment.
37. The probe is a synthetic fragment of DNA called an __________________________, and technically this term may refer to synthetic pieces of DNA or RNA. Synthetic nucleic acid fragments can also be used as primers.
38. An alternative method for detecting a specific DNA sequence involves the using the technique _______________________________________. This enables the rapid synthesis of many copies of a
DNA segment. This is made possible with a polymerase such as Taq polymerase and a machine called a thermocycler.
39. To visualize the amplified DNA, a sample of the reaction may be run on an agarose or acrylamide gel. This technique is called gel _______________________________ and it is commonly used in molecular biology labs to separate molecules (in this case DNA) according to their charge and size.
40. This technique takes advantage of the natural characteristics of DNA molecules. DNA has a(n) ____________________ pH and will migrate towards the _______________________ end of an electrical current.