Differences
DSM-IV-TR
Mental
Retardation Psychological Clinical Disorders Personality Disorders
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Text Revision)
Multiaxial System (Five Axis System)
Axis I: (Reports all disorders except Axis II)
Clinical Disorders. Other Conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention.
Axis II: (First diagnosed in infancy/childhood)
Personality Disorders. Mental Retardation.
Axis III: (Diabetes, heart problems, acid reflux...etc.)
General Medical Conditions.
Axis IV: (Social Env., lottery, job, divorce, school...etc.)
Psychosocial and Environmental Problems.
Axis V: (GAF Scale, Rank 1-10 on 10 items, 100 = Good, 1 = Bad)
Global Assessment of Functioning.
Mental Retardation
Requirements: 1. Significantly subaverage intellectual functioning: IQ of approximately 70 or below on an IQ test. 2. Concurrent deficits or impairments in present adaptive functioning in at least two of the following areas: Communication Self-care Home living Social/interpersonal skills Use of community resources Self-direction Functional academic skills Work, leisure, health, and safety. 3. The onset is before age 18 years.
Below 20-25 20-25 to 35-40 35-40 to 50-55 50-55 to 70 ______________________________________________________ Profound Severe Moderate Mild
Childhood Disorders
Conduct Disorder: Aggression to people and animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, serious violations of rules
Oppositional Defiant Disorder: A pattern of negativistic, hostile, and defiant behavior lasting at least 6 months. Pica: Persistent eating of nonnutritive substances for a period of at least 1 month.
Rumination Disorder: Repeating regurgitation and rechewing of food for a period of at least 1 month following a period of normal functioning. _______________________________________________________ Tic Disorders: Tourette's Disorder: Both multiple motor and one or more vocal tics. Transient Tic: Single or multiple motor and/or vocal tics.
Cognitive Disorders
NOS: Not otherwise specified. _________________________________________________ Delirium: Characterized by anxiety, disorientation, hallucinations, delusions, and incoherent speech
Dementia: Deterioration of intellectual faculties (Memory, concentration, and judgment). Accompanied by emotional disturbance and personality changes.
Alzheimer Type: ??? Alcoholism Type: ???
Schizophrenia
Characterization: Withdrawal from reality, illogical thinking, delusions, and hallucinations. Accompanied by emotional, behavioral, or intellectual disturbances. Causes: Genetic, Biological, and Psychosocial factors. Dopamine imbalances and defects of the frontal lobe.
Required Symptoms: Two (or more) of the following (each present during 1-month):
Social/Occupational dysfunction. Duration: Disturbance persist for at least 6 months.
Delusions Hallucinations Disorganized speech Grossly disorganized/catatonic behavior Negative symptoms
Schizophrenia Subtypes
I. Paranoid: (Preoccupation with one or more) Delusions Auditory hallucinations II. Disorganized: (All of the following) Disorganized speech Disorganized behavior Flat/inappropriate affect
III. Catatonic: (At least two of the following) Motoric immobility (catalepsy/stupor) Excessive motor activity Extreme negativism/mutism Peculiarities of voluntary movement
Echolalia/Echopraxia
Posturing, stereotyped movements, prominent mannerisms, or prominent grimacing
IV. Residual: (Absence of prominent) Delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized speech Grossly disorganized/catatonic behavior V. Undifferentiated: (Criteria are not met) Paranoid, Disorganized, or Catatonic
Anxiety Disorders
General Phobia: Irrational, intense, persistent fear of certain situations, objects, activities, or persons.
Agoraphobia: Fear of open or public places
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Tendency to dwell on unwanted thoughts/ideas and to perform repetitious rituals to relieve the anxiety. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: (PTSD) Constant/relentless encounters with memories of a past traumatic event. Panic Disorder: ??? Generalized Anxiety Disorder: ???
Mood and Factitious Disorders
Mood Disorders: Bipolar: Manic and depressive episodes. Cyclothymic Disorder Type I Type II Depressive Disorder: Inability to concentrate, insomnia, loss of appetite, anhedonia, feelings of extreme sadness, guilt, helplessness and hopelessness, and thoughts of death. _______________________________________________________ Factitious Disorders: Somatoform Disorder: Physical symptoms representing specific disorders for which there is no organic basis or known physiological cause, but for which there is presumed to be a psychological basis.
Factitious Disorder: Any of various mental disorders in which the individual intentionally produces symptoms of illness or feigns illness.
Munchausen Munchausen by proxy
Dissociative Disorders
Defined: Involve disruptions breakdowns or of memory, consciousness or awareness, identity and/or perception.
Dissociative Amnesia: Pervasive loss of memory of significant personal information.
Characterized by a blocking out of critical personal information. Not caused by trauma to the brain. The memory still exists.
Dissociative Fugue: Dropping everything and leaving.
Dissociative Identity Disorder: Multiple Personality Disorder.
Paraphilias
Defined: Sexual Desire Disorders
Exhibitionism: Compulsive exposure of the genitals in public.
Fetishism: Displacement of sexual arousal or gratification to a fetish. Frotteurism: Achieving orgasm by touching and rubbing against a person without their consent (Usually public). Pedophilia: Interest in prepubescent children. Hebophilia: Interest in pubescent children.
Paraphilias
Masochism: Being physically or emotionally abused. Sadism: Sexual gratification from inflicting pain or emotional abuse on others.
Transvestic: Receiving sexual gratification from wearing clothing of the opposite sex.
Transsexual
Voyeurism: Observing others.
Gender Identity
Identification with the opposite sex.
Eating Disorders
Anorexia: Refusing to eat.
Bulimia: Binging and purging.
Dyssomnias
Defined: Disturbance in the normal rhythm or pattern of sleep. Insomnia: Dissatisfaction with sleep quality.
Hypersomnia: Sleeping too often.
Impulse-Control Disorders
Kleptomania: Steeling Pyromania: Burning
Pathological Gambling: Associated with drug abuse also
Trichotillomania: Pulling out your hair
Personality Disorders
Paranoid: Distrust of others Schizoid: Personality disorder marked by extreme shyness, flat affect, reclusiveness, discomfort with others, and an inability to form close relationships Schizotypal: Exhibiting, or being patterns of thought, perception, communication, and behavior suggestive of schizophrenia but not of sufficient severity to warrant a diagnosis of schizophrenia Antisocial: Criminals Borderline: Pervasive instability in moods, interpersonal relationships, self-image, and behavior.
Narcissistic: In love with oneself
"Borderline" of psychosis There is a high rate of self-injury without suicide intent Most dangerous
Avoidant: Don't like to be around others Dependent: Live off of others Obsessive-compulsive: Milder version Histrionic: Characterized by excessive emotionality and attention-seeking behavior.
Autistic Disorder
Qualitative impairment in social interaction, as manifested by at least two of the following:
Marked impairment in the use of multiple nonverbal behaviors such as eye-to-eye gaze, facial expression, body postures, and gestures to regulate social interaction Failure to develop peer relationships appropriate to developmental level Lack of spontaneous seeking to share enjoyment Lack of social or emotional reciprocity
Qualitative impairments in communication as manifested by at least one of the following:
Delay in, or total lack of, the development of spoken language In individuals with adequate speech, marked impairment in the ability to initiate or sustain a conversation with others Stereotyped and repetitive use of language or idiosyncratic language Lack of varied, spontaneous make-believe play or social imitative play appropriate to developmental level
Restricted repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior, interests, and activities, as manifested by at least one of the following:
Encompassing preoccupation with one or more stereotyped and restricted patterns of interest that is abnormal either in intensity or focus Apparently inflexible adherence to specific, nonfunctional routines or rituals Stereotyped and repetitive motor mannerisms Persistent preoccupation with parts of objects
Asperger's Syndrome
Qualitative impairment in social interaction, as manifested by at least two of the following:
Marked impairment in the use of multiple nonverbal behaviors such as eye-toeye gaze, facial expression, body postures, and gestures to regulate social interaction Failure to develop peer relationships appropriate to developmental level Lack of spontaneous seeking to share enjoyment Lack of social or emotional reciprocity
Restricted repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior, interests, and activities, as manifested by at least one of the following:
Encompassing preoccupation with one or more stereotyped and restricted patterns of interest that is abnormal either intensity or focus Apparently inflexible adherence to specific, nonfunctional routines and rituals Stereotyped and repetitive motor mannerisms Persistent preoccupation with parts of objects
Disturbance causes clinically significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning There is no clinically significant delay in cognitive development or in the development of age-appropriate self-help skills, adaptive behavior, and curiosity about the environment in childhood.