Skyler Sanford <a href="/keyword/world-history-ii/" >world history ii</a> : Test 2 Chapter 5: Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna: Politics of Brazil centered around personality, not ideology (a system of ideas). He was a Mexican political leader who greatly influenced early Mexican and Spanish politics and government, first fighting against independence from Spain, and then becoming its chief general and president at various times over a turbulent 40-year career. He was President of Mexico on eleven non-consecutive occasions over a period of 22 years. The Monroe Doctrine: This was a bearer established between the western hemisphere and Europe. The British didn't like the idea so they completely dropped it. They didn't want the Latin America's to recolonize because it would mean that all the ports would be closed to the Brits and they would no longer be able to control a grow from Brazil. is a U.S. doctrine which, on December 2, 1823, proclaimed that European powers would no longer colonize or interfere with the affairs of the newly independent nations of the Americas. The United States planned to stay neutral in wars between European powers and their colonies. However, if later on, these types of wars were to occur in the Americas, the United States would view such action as hostile. Manifest Destiny: was the belief that the United States was destined to expand from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific Ocean; it has also been used to advocate for or justify other territorial acquisitions. Advocates of Manifest Destiny believed that expansion was not only good, but that it was obvious (&quot;manifest&quot;) and certain (&quot;destiny&quot;). Originally a political catch phrase of the 19th century, &quot;Manifest Destiny&quot; eventually became a standard historical term, often used as a synonym for the expansion of the United States across the North American continent. This was so with Mexico (Santa Anna) attempting to expand but the U.S. annexing Texas so they couldn't do so. Mexican-American War: was an armed military conflict between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848 in the wake of the 1845 U.S. annexation of Texas. Mexico did not recognize the secession and subsequent military victory by Texas in 1836; it considered Texas a rebel province. This war was result of the United States annexing Texas. Eventually, after Mexico signed the Guadalupe-Hidalgo Treaty, the U.S. occupied TONS of it's land. Benito Juarez &amp; La Reforma: After the Mexican-American war, Juarez came along to restore the liberal beliefs in Mexico. He was a humble Indian man who shared the liberal vision of a seculr society. This liberal revold was called La Reforma and triumphed within a year but soon fell to a French invasion (which conservatives and the church allied with). The Reforma is usually considered to have begun with the overthrow of Antonio L pez de Santa Anna. Porfirio Diaz: took over as President of Mexico after Juarez. He led Mexico to economic growth, penetration of the economy and the expansion of large landed estates and overall a revolution. Dom Pedro II: He was the son of Dom Pedro I (Dom Joao I). His father was the emperor of Brazil but was called back to Portugal (after moving the capital and the royal court to Brazil) and had to leave. He left his son Pedro in Brazil to govern. He told him if an independence movement gets under way to actually head up the movement. This did occur and Brazilian independence was gotten, naming Pedro Constitutional Emperor of Brazil (the last emperor of Brazil). Spanish-American War: was a military conflict between Spain and the United States that began in April 1898. Hostilities halted in August of that year, and the Treaty of Paris was signed in December and United States was granted the Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico. The was centered on Cuba and Puerto Rico, the last colonies of Spain's in the America's. Panama Canal: is a major ship canal that traverses the Isthmus of Panama in Central America, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The Isthmus of Panama is a strip of land that connects South and Central America. Touissant L' Overture: was an important leader of the Haitian Revolution (was the most successful of the many African slave rebellions in the Western Hemisphere. It established Haiti as a free, black republic, the first of its kind.). In a long struggle against the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites, freed the blacks, and secured native control over the colony in 1797 while nominally governor of the colony. Father Miguel de Hidalgo: He was the leader of the Creoles (who set up &quot;junta councils&quot;--landowners and conservatives who supported the Old Order--to rule in the name of the king). Father Miguel de Hidalgo enlisted the help of Indians and metizos, who sought to seize power for themselves and ultimately feared social rebellion so backed away from Hidalgo. Eventually they came to fight AGAINST the junta. Unfortunately he was defeated and executed and the junta remained in control. Augustin de Iturbide: a conservative who the Creoles united under after Hidalgo. He moved for independence and in 1821, his army occupied Mexico City and he was proclaimed Emperor of Mexico to enforce monarch of Enlightenment. The empire soon collapsed with proclamation of Mexico Republic. Simon Bolivar: was the most important leader of South America's successful struggle for independence from Spain. In 1810, a rebellion had broken out between the capital of Venezuela (Caracas) and Spain. Bolivar emerged as the leader of the forces for independence (Venezula's). He hated the idea of a monarch but loved the idea of a republic. He thinks the government should be a republic. He won a series of battles throughout Gran Columbia. Independence was won but Gran Columbia split up into different country. Here Bolivar claims G.C. is ungovernable. Jose de San Martin: Leader in Buenos Aires, after Buenos Aires and United Provinces broke free of Spain's rule. He emerged as the leader of these independent forces. His armies crossed into Chile to help the independence forces. He defeated royalist forces at The Battle of Ayacucho. By 1825, all of Latin America was independent of Spain and republican governments had been established, enlightenment becoming the new basis of government. Dom Pedro I: proclaimed Brazil independent from Portugal and became Brazil's first Emperor. He is king when Napolean armies invade Portugal. He and his royal court flee to Brazil (escorted by the Brits). They set up court in Rio de Janeiro. This causes Brazil's status to skyrocket as it becomes the center of the Portuguese Empire. He opens up ports to the free international world to relieve any tensions between native Brazilians and the new Portuguese that Pedro I had brought with him. After Napolean had been defeated back in Brazil, Pedro was called back to Portugal, leaving his throne in Brazil to his son, Pedro II. Caudillos: these were leaders who dominated a region and it's politics by force and violence. They were mostly represented and local elites. This took place in Latin America because there were tons of smaller armies all throughout attempting to dominate politics. Rafel Carrera was an advocated of Indian rights and the Guatemalan governor. He was a Caudillo. Centralism vs. Federalism vs. Fragmentation: centralism is a strong centralized government with broad powers. Federalism is where economic policies are adjusted by the state. Policies set by regional governments. Centralism and Federalism are in extreme opposition. Fragmentation is like what took place in Latin American. The dividing of little armies and people all wanting to rule little states inside a government. Juan Manuel de Rosas: one of the first major famous caudillo in Latin America (from Argentina). This is an example of politics being persuaded by personality back in the 19th century rather that ideology (a system of ideas). Chapter 6: New Imperialism: Countries associated with this were Britain, France, U.S., Germany, Japan, and Russia. New Imperialism was facilitated by new forms of technology. These countries were all industrialized and were a part of the Industrial Revolution. large scale takeover of territory dominated by industrial powers over non-industrial world, encouraged from new technology; ex: Belgium over Congo. V.I. Lenin: Leader of Russian Revolution. He didn't share Hobson's belief that capitalism was merely malfunctioning in its imperalist endeavors. He argued that capitalism is inherently and inevitably imperialistic (that economic trade is inevitably going to be controlled by the governments force). He wrote &quot;Imperialism, the highest stage of capitalism&quot; and was also a Marxist (basis of communism). Charles Darwin: He proposed the idea of survival of fittest and that evolution comes from the best and that is why Europe held world power. He wrote Origin of Species and Descent of Man. He thought that the white race as a hole was better than that of the blacks. Social Darwinism: This says that competition drives social evolution. Herbert Spencer was a supporter of Social Darwinism and was an intellectual that said races of mankind not only occupied distinct positions but that whites were the most advanced and blacks the least. They were also engaged in a natural conflict or struggle with each other. It's strongest message was that the fittest were destined to prevail an idea especially welcome to the energetic racists of the 19th century because it could be used to justify the &quot;natural&quot; wars of imperial expansion that they were embarking on. Herbet Spencer: followed Darwin and coined survival of the fittest. He was an intellectual that supported social Darwinism. Rudyard Kipling: He was a British poet who characterized the responsibilities of the advanced west as &quot;the white man's burden&quot;. This was meaning that it was their responsibility to colonize and industrialize cities once they invaded. Suez Canal: engineered by Ferdinand de Lesseps, it drastically shortened travel time between the east and the west. It joined Mediterranean and Red Sea so you didn't have to make the long voyage around Cape of Good Hope. The canal allows two-way water transportation, most importantly between Europe and Asia without circumnavigation of Africa. Great Britain purchased a controlling interest in the Suez canal in 1875 to benefit its trade with India. Ferdinand de Lesseps: The Suez Canal was built by the French under the supervision of Ferdinand de Lesseups who was a diplomat with no technical or financial background who was able to promote construction because of the concessions he received from Sa'id Psha of Egypt. King Leopold II: He was the King of the Belgians. Outside Belgium, he is chiefly remembered as the founder and sole owner of the Congo Free State, a private project undertaken by the King. The state included the entire area now known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The extraction of rubber and ivory in the Congo relied on forced labor and resulted in the deaths of millions of Congolese. He ran the Congo as his personal fiefdom; for him it was a business venture. A friend of Henry Morton Stanley, he used Stanley to help him lay claim to the territory he called Congo. Eventually, after his cruel reign, Leopold was no longer allowed to rule and the Congo was added as a Belgian colony. Congo Free State: known for it's production of red rubber (bloody) and obviously under the control of the horrible Leopold II. Great land that was wanted by Leopold and France and Portugal. Who would get the land was going to be decided by the Berlin Conference but Leopold began scrambling over the land. The Berlin Conference: Aside from Leopold, other people wanted the great land of the Congo basin. Therefore, France and Portugal objected and an international conference was finally held in Berlin to decide the question. This conference made it clear by that just setting a flag in territory didn't make it yours, but rather that the creation of a real presence meaning economic development would be necessary. This started the Scramble for Africa because Leopold rushed to occupy this land. Many say that his scramble would've occurred anyways. English East India Company: otherwise known as the &quot;John Company&quot;, this company was granted an English Royal Charter with the intention of favoring trade privileges in India. The Royal Charter effectively gave the newly created HEIC a 21 year monopoly on all trade in the East Indies. The Company transformed from a commercial trading venture to one that virtually ruled India and other Asian colonies. Indian Civil Service: Originated as the elite civil service of the Indian Government under British colonial rule in India. Britain was head over the Indian government. It's service was staffed until the twentieth century almost entirely of Brits trained in Indian affairs. They made sure colony ran smoothly between Britain and India. Indian National Congress: This was the political group, founded by an Englishman, that began to fight the struggle with the one's who dominated them, the British. It was the core of the independence movement and was and still is the dominant party in India because of this. Mahatma Gandhi : major political and spiritual leader in India during Independence movement. Amritsar Massacre: April 1919 British Indian soldiers opened fire on men, women, and children in Amritsar city. Causalities fell at 349. James Cook: explorer, navigator, cartographer (drawing maps_, lead Britain in an expedition to Australia in 1770. He was the first to circumnavigate New Zealand. Here they claimed Australia. They could use this land to dump unwanted convicts. The first British colony was founded at Sydney. Captain Arthur Phillip was the first governor. It was slow to attract free settlers. Wool production soon became dominate. Maori: indigenous (originating or occurring naturally) Polynesian people from New Zealand. Cecil Rhodes: Rhodes father was an devout Christian. He soon left for the diamond fields of Kimberly. He monopolized the diamond industry and founded the De Beers Diamond Company. He soon finds the largest gold deposits. The Brits are interested and want to seize the Orange Free State and Trasvaal. He pitted the Boers against the Brits so they would fight and so the Brits would gain access to gold. Rhodes was the model Imperialist. He exploited Africans (enforces labor, etc.) He is the negative face of British imperialism. David Livingstone: was born in Scotland and worked in cotton mills as a boy. He loved science but his father hated that he did because he was such a devout Christian and didn't believe that science could be in relation with Christianity. He found a love for exploration and became to embrace the motto &quot;Christianity, Commerce, and Civilization&quot;. He feels from Christianity and Commerce that Civilization will arise. He was a POWERFUL advocate for abolition of slavery which he called the open sore of Africa. He was nice to Africans. He explored most of Central Africa which influenced the Europeans to come live in Africa. His life greatly shaped African Imperialism in a great way. He traveled so much that his 6 kids didn't even know their father. He was the greatest explorer of his day and died of Malaria. Liliuokalani: Hawaiian queen overthrown by American planters in 1893 Chapter 7: Jihads: holy wars that intended to suppress Islamic practices that were seen as corrupt; these wars were result of Muslim expansion in Africa. It was declared sometime during the 19th century. Gold Coast: where gold was found in West Africa; In West Africa, legitimized trade started coming into play and they didn't need slaves anymore because they were selling things like wax and rubber. The slaves ended up moving away from these areas and so the things that DID need slaves lost their producers like the Gold Coast. Asante: ethnic group in Guyana(West Africa), know how to tell groups apart. There were 3 other groups; started with the Oyo, then the Asante, then the Niger Delta. Asante was smaller the Oyo and had a stronger commerce. Their ruler Asantehene had more individual power than the Alafin did. The Oyo was weak but the Asante became strong and British took it under their wing. The Niger Delta: switched from slave trade to oil trade, in mid 1870s they had social unrest, British and National African company had ports here. Soon The rulers of the Niger coast signed a treaty placing themselves under British protection. This was the first major step toward creating Nigeria. National African Company: British trading system that had trading posts on several rivers. It was a mercantile company chartered by the British government in the nineteenth century. It formed a basis of the modern state of Nigeria. Bantu: an ethnic group from southeast Asia. They were organized into villages led by chiefs and practiced farming and herding. They were politically loosely organized often splitting into new villages. They were linked together thru common language and culture. Some of their villages were very large and some very small. Cape Colony: ; Dutch established on Cape of Good Hope, good middle port for going to Indonesia, Dutch enslaved the local Africans. This was an ideal place for Dutch traders to stop. It becomes rich farming community. The Brits become very interested in the Cape Colony. They occupy it and it is annexed in 1806 to Great Britain. Great Trek: British came to Cape and abolished slavery (1833) and so Dutch moved North so they could continue to enslave people. The Brits vigorously enforced a no slave policy. During the Great Trek, the Dutch are traveling because they are frustrated with the Brits and they start running into African native people, mainly Zulus. Ibo: Benue valley, ethnic group of West Africa mainly near Nigeria. Zulu Empire: created by Shaka, had unstoppable army. It was the largest empire south of the equator. Usman dan Fodio: led reform efforts at Quadiriyya, preached against urban elite's abuse of Islamic Doctrine and led Jihad in an attack on Gobir. Reformist and was very into religion. Began the process of Muslim empire building in Sokoto, Nigeria. He Muhammad Ahmad: proclaimed himself to be Mahdi (long expected hodden leader of Islam who was expected to appear in times of catastrophe. He called for purification of local Islam, led Islamic revival movement in 1881 in Sudan. He conquered all of the Sudan and killed Genereal Gordon as he was trying to counter attack the &quot;Madhi&quot;. He raised an army and led a successful religious war to topple the Egyptian occupation of Sudan. Mahdi: long time leader that they were waiting on in times of catastrophe Zionist: Churches named after holy mountain of Zion incorporated African religious ideas and customs, near Jerusalem, healing was emotional service. It appealed to uneducated Africans, illiterate and poor women. Described as &quot;tolerant, emotional, and a place to find spiritual shelter and healing within the Christian community&quot;. Shaka: Leader of Zulu empire credited for uniting Zulu sub tribes. He rose to power through the help of his supporter Dingiswayo. Dingiswayo was the chief of the neighboring village. He looked after Shaka and helped him take place of the throne when his (Shaka's) dad dies. He established his capital at Bulaqayo after Dingiswayo's death. He consolidated fragmented groups into clans and used diplomacy rater than violence (giving ppl position in his throne). He reorganized his men into new super regiments known as Impis. Sayyid Sa'id: wanted to get greater control of Swayhili city, interested in Africa because of slavery and ivory (in India, China, and especially Europe). He was more interested in enriching through trade then political control. Chapter 8: Opium War: aka Anglo-Chinese War (1839-1842) between China and British, Britain smuggled opium from India into China and Chinese had to deal with drug laws, China lost both wars and British government got the unequal treaties which opened ports to trade; Lin Zexu was extremely opposed to this opium distribution in China. Taiping Rebellion: largest rebellion in 19th century world history, fought against authority of Quing government in China, put in several reforms and 20-30 million died, lead by Hong XiuQuan who wanted to establish government by human equality. The theocratic and militaristic regime instituted several social reforms, including strict separation of the sexes, abolition of foot binding, land socialization, suppression of private trade, and the replacement of Confucianism, Buddhism and Chinese folk religion by a form of Christianity, holding that Hong Xiuquan was the younger brother of Jesus Christ. Self-Strengthening Movement period of institutional reform, happened at the end and after Quing government was defeated for power. Sino-Japanese War: 1894-95, because of competition over Korea the Chinese lost to inferior Japan, symbol of Quing decline and showed that Japan was modernizing more than people were aware of. Fought over Korea and would should how the Quing governement was weakened and not really in existence anymore. Boxer Uprising: 1898-1901; Anti-Christian movement in China that blamed missionaries for rural problems and helped establish a Chinese Republic Nationalist Party: political party in Republic of China-Taiwan; Democratic social party lead by Jiang Jieshi Commodore Perry: Commodore of U.S. navy who is credited to opening Japan to trade in 1853 because of negotiations between Japan, Britain, US, and Russia Meiji Restoration: Meiji Restoration page 203,6,9; chain of events leading to change in Japan's political/social structure in 1868 the Coupe de ca stripped Tokugawa Shogun from power. was a chain of events that led to enormous changes in Japan's political and social structure. The restoration was a direct response to the opening of Japan by the arrival of the Black Ships of Commodore Matthew Perry. This restoration made Imperial Japan a great power. May Fourth Movement: 1919 set new belief among social classes such as anti-imperialism; because of this it increased Chinese nationalism and revolutionized Confucianism. From Notes: Latin American independence was born of Enlightenment ideas of the 18th century. Independence movements: 1) American Revolution: possible for a country to rise up and rebel against it's mother country 2) French Rev: possible for people to overthrow an absolute monarch 3) Rev. of Haiti: lots of people die and Ov'rture seeks to re-establish government but it doesn't work. 4) Napoleonic Wars: Napolean sends ppl into Spain and Portugal. He desposes Spanish king and places a relative at the head which is a disaster. Creoles set up &quot;junta councils&quot; (landownders who supported the Old Order). They sought to seize power for themselves. Father Miguel de Hidalgo enlisted the help of Indians to fight the junta but he was defeated and soon the creoles were united under Augustin de Iturbide. Iturbide's army occupied Mexico city and he was proclaimed the Emperor of Mexico. Venezuela and Argentina were the last areas settled by Spain. This is where independence first appeared. Simon Bolivar (who wants a republic) soon emerges as the leader of the forces for independence when a rebellion breaks out from Caracas (capitol of Venezuela) against Spain. Independence of Caracas was won. He won a series of battles throughout GranColumbia but claims it is ungovernable. Rio de la Plata wanted to self govern themselves and broke free of economic ties with Spain. The United Provinces finally in 1816 declared their independence. Jose de San Martin emerged as leader of the independent forces. He defeated Spain's loyalists at the Battle of Ayacucho. By 1825, all of Latin America was free from Spain. Brazil: Brazil had grown into a powerful source of revenue and commerce for Portugal. Brazil was a colony. In 1807, Napoleon's armies invaded Portugal and King Joao VI (Pedro I) fled to Brazil and took his royal court with him. He set up court in the soon to be capitol Rio de Janeiro. Brazil becomes the center of the Portuguese Empire! Along with the king came many Portuguese people who soon clashed with Brazilian elites. To sooth these tensions, the king opened up Brazilian ports to international trade. Britain now takes advantage of Brazil because they can grow now that the ports are opened. After Napoleon was defeated in Portugal, Joao VI is asked to return back and leaves the Brazilian Empire to his son Pedro II's rule (he was the 2nd and final ruler of the Brazilian Empire) Latin America: There is political fragmentation all over L.A. Caudillos were leaders in L.A. who dominated a region and it's politics by violence and force. Rafael Carrera was a famous Caudillo who was the governor of Guatemala. Centralists: wanted a strong centralized government with broad powers. Federalists: weaker, policy set by regional govs. Liberals: didn't like the church and were individualists who believed in separating the church and the state. Conservatives: loved the church and believed in groups and institutions. Santa Anna and Juan Manuel de Rosas were charismatic leaders in Latin America. Politics of personality and not ideology were starting to take place. At first, Britain was dominating everyone so L.A. proposed the Monroe Doctrine which said that a bearer would be placed between north, central, and south America between Europe. Brits didn't like this so it was dropped. Latin America possessed raw goods that Europe needed. At first L.A. depended solely on Britain and therefore were considered neocolonial economies. Latin America because they were profiting off of their raw goods were able to compensate salve owners and abolish slavery and get rid of the Indian Tax. In some colonies, Britain actually became dependent on L.A.! Video: Edmond Den' Morel wrote &quot;The Speaker&quot; which discovered and told other's about Leopold's system and how he was basically a terrorist in the Congo. The Scramble for Africa: A small number of countries came to dominate vast portions of the globe. These included the Great Powers such as Britain, France, U.S., Germany, Japan, and Russia. They were all industrialized and took place in the Industrial Rev. Small steamboats were allowing for exploration within countries and ability to invade not only perimeters. Stanley opened up the Congo and laid fee-state by using a steamboat. The Suez Canal, engineered by Ferdinand de Lesseps, drastically shortene travel. It was located right beside Egypt and connected the Med. and the Red Seas so you wouldn't have to circumnavigate around The Cape of Good Hope. Hiram Maxim invented a machine gun that could fire 11 bullets per second and it was named the &quot;Maxim Gun&quot; Britain occupied Egypt during the scramble and was a prime example of geopolitics for the Brits. Brits taught Egyptians how to fight and Egypt fell into debt so they conquered them. Now they could control the Suez Canal. Lord Cromer, British administrator for Egypt. General Charles Gordon was killed by the Madhi as he was attempting to reconquer Sawakin. They sent Gen. Kitchener who defeats the Madhi at Khartoum and establishes British rule over Sudan. For this victory he now has the name Lord Kitchener of Khartoum. David Livingstone: born in Scotland into a very poor family and loved science. Thoroughly believed in his phrase &quot;Chrisitianity, Commerce, and Civilization&quot;. He hated slavery and wished to get completely rid of it in Africa. He greatly shaped British Imperialism in a positive way. Cecil Rhodes: see previous. Basically just opposite of Livingstone. Shaka and the Zulus: Dutch East India Company establish the Cape Colony and it becomes the ideal place for Dutch settlers to stop. It was based on slavery and the Dutch love slavery. Britain becomes interested in the C.C. and annexes it in 1806. Fighting amongst the Brits and the Dutch occurs in Northern Natal and international trade was abolished by the Brits. Shaka rose to power from the help of Dingiswayo. He takes rule when his father dies and establishes the capitol of Bulawayo. He consolidates fragmented groups and uses diplomacy rather than violence to gain ppl. He establishes new super-regiments called Impis. Asagay: largest weapon (sword) and he innovated the Zulu shield. War starts and he sets out to subdue all Zulu lands. He defeats his rival Nomahlangjana at the Battle of Gqokli Hill which cements his control over most of the Zulu land. He was assassinated by his own people and created the largest African Empire South of the equator. South Africa and the Boer War: Dutch settlers (Boers) laid the foundations for the Cape Colony. They were a slave owning society. The British take over the Cape Colony (for geopolitic reasons) and abolish slavery in 1833. Tensions grow between the Brits and the Dutch because of their invasion and the Dutch set out on The Great Trek. Battle of Bloody River was when the Dutch encountered native Zulus and kill them. Natal was annexed to Britain in 1845. Transvaal was est. by the Dutch people in 1852, and The Orange Free State in 1854. Alfred Milner, governor of Cape Colony, wanted the gold and diamonds that were in Transvaal. He gets help from Chamberlain and Cecil Rhodes. They send in a guy named Jameson in attempt to conquer this area. It was known as the Jameson Raid (1895-96). Transvaal didn't let the Brits vote therefore all the Dutch pwere remained in their hands. The British and the surrounding people started to think that the Dutch SHOULD let the Brits vote. Paul Kruger, president of Transvaal. The war was declared by the Boers on Oct., 1899. The Brits were forced to open an open draft because they were losing so many people. They set up 3 threatening posts (Mafeking, Kimberly, and Ladysmith) Boers started the war in a small town called Dundee. Penn Symons, British Gen., attempted to lead ppl to fight Lucas Meyer (leader of the Boers). It was a brutal battle and Symons force was destroyed. Meyer and Piet Joubert press to Ladysmith, conquering Gen. George White's group there. The Tugela River made Ladysmith vulnerable. Sir Redvers Buller attempted to come and lead a new attach on the Boers. He took over after Symons. He sends out armies to attack all 3 posts but this didn't work. &quot;Black Week&quot;-Dec 10-15: when Brits suffered great losses for 5 days straight. Buller was replaced with Fredrick Roberts who use his same plan but was actually successful. He took down and conquered the Boers and each post. Dutch sent rescue ship for Kruger in the midst of all this. With Kruger's departure, the Brits thought they had won but Louds Botha and Christian de Wett launched guerilla wars (counterattack) which lasted for about 1 yr. Finally peace was settled in May 1902. China and Europe Europeans are ready to fight with China. This is when China isolates itself. Portuguese are the first to fight. They send Tome Pires to establish diplomatic tires with China and he does. They actually quarantine the Portuguese people and hold them in Macao. More and more Europeans start trying to invade and this puts pressure on China to open their ports. China doesn't want anything of Europe's. China makes an agreement called the Canton System. British ships could arrive at a certain 13 piers to trade. They had to go to a middle man. This kept China isolated. If Brits wanted to purchase Chinese goods, they had to pay in silver. The British got strong opium from Afghanistan and started trading it with the Chinese because this was a great commodity. They become greatly addicted but revoke the Canton system and close off all ties with Britain. This results in war. The Anglo-Chinese War aka Opium War (1839-1842) results in Chinese loss. The signing of the Nanking Treaty of 1842 takes places as a result of the war which forces the Mehing empire to open up all ports to FREE international trade. British conquer Hong Kong. Chinese want to be insular and isolated prevented it from recognizing Europe's threat.