motor Motor
A unit consists of____________________.
A. one muscle fiber and all the motor neurons that innervate it B. one motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates
The membrane of a muscle cell fiber is excitable (i.e., it can generate action potentials). True or False
Motor
A motor unit consists of____________________.
A. one muscle fiber and all the motor neurons that innervate it B. one motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates
The membrane of a muscle cell fiber is excitable (i.e., it can generate action potentials). True or False
Motor
After an action potential reaches the neuromuscular junction and the action potential is conducted down the T-tubules, calcium causes ___________ and ___________ to slide along each other increasing the overlap between them. a. Actin filaments (thin)/ Myosin filaments (thick) b. Z lines/ M bands c. Fascicles/Motor units d. Tropomyosin/Troponin
Motor
After an action potential reaches the neuromuscular junction and the action potential is conducted down the T-tubules, calcium causes ___________ and ___________ to slide along each other increasing the overlap between them. a. Actin filaments (thin)/ Myosin filaments (thick) b. Z lines/ M bands c. Fascicles/Motor units d. Tropomyosin/Troponin
Motor
The ___________ controls muscle length. ____________ motor neurons provide the control signal for setting muscle length. A. muscle spindle, Alpha B. muscle spindle, Gamma C. sarcoplasmic reticulum, Alpha D. sarcoplasmic reticulum, Gamma
Motor
The ___________ controls muscle length. ____________ motor neurons provide the control signal for setting muscle length. A. muscle spindle, Alpha B. muscle spindle, Gamma C. sarcoplasmic reticulum, Alpha D. sarcoplasmic reticulum, Gamma
Gamma motor neurons adjust the tension of the _____________ muscle fibers (a component of muscle spindles) thus, setting the length at which the muscle spindle gives no error signal. A. Extrafusal B. Intrafusal Activity in ________-loop systems is preprogrammed, rapid and ballistic (e.g., throwing a baseball or playing the piano). A. Open B. Closed
Motor
Gamma motor neurons adjust the tension of the _____________ muscle fibers (a component of muscle spindles) thus, setting the length at which the muscle spindle gives no error signal. A. Extrafusal B. Intrafusal Activity in ________-loop systems is preprogrammed, rapid and ballistic (e.g., throwing a baseball or playing the piano). A. Open B. Closed
Motor
Anatomically, the _________ is/are especially important in the generation of simple and fine movements influenced by memories. A. cerebellum B. basil ganglia The activity of the ________ correlates with that of the ___________. A. Cerebellum, Supplementary motor cortex B. Cerebellum, Primary motor cortex C. Basil Ganglia, Supplementary motor cortex D. Basil Ganglia, Primary motor cortex
Motor
Anatomically, the _________ is/are especially important in the generation of simple and fine movements influenced by memories. A. cerebellum B. basil ganglia The activity of the ________ correlates with that of the ___________. A. Cerebellum, Supplementary motor cortex B. Cerebellum, Primary motor cortex C. Basil Ganglia, Supplementary motor cortex D. Basil Ganglia, Primary motor cortex
Motor
Which of the following is part of an extrapyrmidal motor system. A. cerebellum B. basil ganglia C. primary motor cortex D. amygdala E. hippocampus
Motor
Which of the following is part of an extrapyrmidal motor system. A. cerebellum B. basil ganglia C. primary motor cortex D. amygdala E. hippocampus
Motor
In Parkinson's disease the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra cause problems of motor function. Among these problems is _____________ but not _____________. a. intention tremor/ resting tremor b. resting tremor/ intention tremor c. chorea/ ataxia d. ataxia/chorea
Motor
In Parkinson's disease the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra cause problems of motor function. Among these problems is _____________ but not _____________. a. intention tremor/ resting tremor b. resting tremor/ intention tremor c. chorea/ ataxia d. ataxia/chorea
Motor
Match the peripheral disorders of motor function with its symptoms or causes.
Muscular dystrophy / Duchenne's Auto-antibodies against ACh receptors loss of reflexes due to widespread spinal cord damage
Motor
Myasthenia gravis
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis / Lou Gehrig's disease
wasting away of muscles
Flaccid paralysis
Motor neuron death
Spastic paralysis
simple severing of spinal cord -- loss of descending modulatory influences
Match the central disorders of motor function with its symptoms or causes.
apraxia (Ideational or Ideomotor) degeneration of dopaminergic cells in the substantia nigra
Motor
Parkinson's Disease
damage to cerebellum
Huntington's Disease
intention tremors, ataxia and/or loss of vestibular ocular reflex spastic paralysis and/or loss of fine motor control
strokes outside of M1
destruction of basal ganglia
strokes of M1
Homeostasis
What's one of the drawbacks of using negative feedback circuits (closed-loop systems) to maintain a "set point"?
A. inaccurate error correction B. slow error correction C. limited use (can only be applied to a few systems) D. insufficient
Homeostasis
What's one of the drawbacks of using negative feedback circuits (closed-loop systems) to maintain a "set point"?
A. inaccurate error correction B. slow error correction C. limited use (can only be applied to a few systems) D. insufficient
Homeostasis
Which of the following electrolytes (ions) are you more likely to have an imbalance?
A. B. C. D. E. Ca++ ClNa+ K+ Li+
Homeostasis
Which of the following electrolytes (ions) are you more likely to have an imbalance?
A. B. C. D. E. Ca++ ClNa+ K+ Li+
Homeostasis
After giving blood, your baroreceptors will detect a fluid imbalance and you will experience ____________ thirst. In addition to ADH release, the ________________ will be activated. A. hyperosmotic, circumventricular organs B. hyperosmotic, renin-angiotensin system C. hypovolemic, circumventricular organs D. hypovolemic, renin-angiotensin system
Homeostasis
After giving blood, your baroreceptors will detect a fluid imbalance and you will experience ____________ thirst. In addition to ADH release, the ________________ will be activated. A. hyperosmotic, circumventricular organs B. hyperosmotic, renin-angiotensin system C. hypovolemic, circumventricular organs D. hypovolemic, renin-angiotensin system
Homeostasis
This is why babies and small animals lose heat very rapidly.
a. b. c. d. They are ectothermic They have incomplete thyroid hormone metabolism They have higher volume to surface ratios They have higher surface to volume ratios
Homeostasis
This is why babies and small animals lose heat very rapidly.
a. b. c. d. They are ectothermic They have incomplete thyroid hormone metabolism They have higher volume to surface ratios They have higher surface to volume ratios
Homeostasis
The arcuate nucleus may be the area in the hypothalamus responsible for "appetite control." The two areas also within the hypothalamus that receive input from the arcuate nucleus are the ______________ (that when lesioned will produce a loss of appetite) and the ________________ (that when lesioned will cause a loss of feeling satiated).
a. b. c. d. FG (Fusiform Gyrus)/ RAS (Reticular Acitvating System) CP (Choriod Plexus)/ LV (Lateral Ventricles) LC (Leptin Center)/ CART-POM neurons LH (Lateral Hypothalamus)/ VMH (Ventro-Medial Hypothalamus)
Homeostasis
The arcuate nucleus may be the area in the hypothalamus responsible for "appetite control." The two areas also within the hypothalamus that receive input from the arcuate nucleus are the ______________ (that when lesioned will produce a loss of appetite) and the ________________ (that when lesioned will cause a loss of feeling satiated).
a. b. c. d. FG (Fusiform Gyrus)/ RAS (Reticular Acitvating System) CP (Choriod Plexus)/ LV (Lateral Ventricles) LC (Leptin Center)/ CART-POM neurons LH (Lateral Hypothalamus)/ VMH (Ventro-Medial Hypothalamus)
Homeostasis
Both physiological and behavioral thermoregulation are orchestrated by the _________. Ectotherms (like lizards) are capable of thermoregulation (True or False).
A. B. C. D. hypothalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary, pituitary, True False True False
Homeostasis
Both physiological and behavioral thermoregulation are orchestrated by the _________. Ectotherms (like lizards) are capable of thermoregulation (True or False).
A. B. C. D. hypothalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary, pituitary, True (they're capable of behavioral thermoregulation) False True False
Sex
Sexual dimorphism is not just in exterior physical characteristics, there has been sexual dimorphism found in the brain. These are the two CNS areas mentioned in class: a. wolferian ducts and mullerian ducts b. fusiform gyri and reticular formation c. hypothalamic nuclei and spinal cord d. none of the above
Sex
Sexual dimorphism is not just in exterior physical characteristics, there has been sexual dimorphism found in the brain. These are the two CNS areas mentioned in class: a. wolferian ducts and mullerian ducts b. fusiform gyri and reticular formation c. hypothalamic nuclei and spinal cord d. none of the above
Sex
Animals that ____________ find asexual reproduction advantageous.
A. are relatively immobile or sparse B. live in small numbers C. live in unchanging environments
Sex
Animals that ____________ find asexual reproduction advantageous.
A. are relatively immobile or sparse B. live in small numbers C. live in unchanging environments
Sex
Testosterone is required to __________ for the expression of male typical mating behavior.
A. organize the nervous system B. activate the nervous system C. both organize and activate the nervous system
Sex
Testosterone is required to __________ for the expression of male typical mating behavior.
A. organize the nervous system B. activate the nervous system C. both organize and activate the nervous system
Marine mammals are pretty amazing and sleep one hemisphere at a time, showing slow wave sleep (SWS). What if we could train humans to do the same?! What is most likely to happen if the army implemented this strategy, never letting soldiers sleep "normally" as we think of it? 1. Soldiers will become super humans, with at least one hemisphere awake at all times! 2. One hemisphere would always need to sleep, so soldiers could never be fully awake. 3. The soldiers would die from lack of REM sleep. 4. Soldiers would free run.
Sleep and Rhythms
Marine mammals are pretty amazing and sleep one hemisphere at a time, showing slow wave sleep (SWS). What if we could train humans to do the same?! What is most likely to happen if the army implemented this strategy, never letting soldiers sleep "normally" as we think of it? 1. Soldiers will become super humans, with at least one hemisphere awake at all times! 2. One hemisphere would always need to sleep, so soldiers could never be fully awake. 3. The soldiers would die from lack of REM sleep. 4. Soldiers would free run.
Sleep and Rhythms
Entrainment is defined as the process of synchronizing biological a rhythm to an environmental stimulus. The ____________ nucleus of the hypothalamus, which receives light information from the eyes, was called the "site of entrainment" by Dr. Schein in lecture.
a. b. c. d. Lateral hypothalamus Arcuate nucleus Red nucleus Suprachiasmatic nucleus
Sleep and Rhythms
Entrainment is defined as the process of synchronizing a biological rhythm to an environmental stimulus. The ____________ nucleus of the hypothalamus, which receives light information from the eyes, was called the "site of entrainment" by Dr. Schein in lecture.
a. b. c. d. Lateral hypothalamus Arcuate nucleus Red nucleus Suprachiasmatic nucleus
Sleep and Rhythms
Can some animals use light for the entrainment of their circadian rhythms after: i) they lose both eyes? (Yes or No) ii) both of their optic tracts are cut? (Yes or No) Over the course of a full night of sleep, one cycles through the different sleep stages numerous times. In later cycles, deep sleep (stages 3 & 4) occurs_______. A. More B. Less
Sleep and Rhythms
Can some animals use light for the entrainment of their circadian rhythms after: i) they lose both eyes? (Yes or No) ii) both of their optic tracts are cut? (Yes or No) Over the course of a full night of sleep, one cycles through the different sleep stages numerous times. In later cycles, deep sleep (stages 3 & 4) occurs_______. A. More B. Less
Sleep and Rhythms
Sleep and Rhythms A mouse without photoreceptors can nonetheless entrain its circadian rhythms to light (True OR False). A transplant of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) into an animal whose own SCN are lesioned can not only restore circadian rhythms in the recipient, but the rhythm is of the same period as that of the donor (True OR False).
Sleep and Rhythms A mouse without photoreceptors can nonetheless entrain its circadian rhythms to light (True OR False). A transplant of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) into an animal whose own SCN are lesioned can not only restore circadian rhythms in the recipient, but the rhythm is of the same period as that of the donor (True OR False).
Match the sleep phenomena with its related brain system.
brainstem
triggers REM sleep / responsible for causing atonia during REM controls switching among the control systems (a.k.a. the RAC ) has been called the "waking center" when stimulated will induce slow wave sleep (SWS)
Sleep and Rhythms
pontine
forebrain
hypothalamic
What may be the biological basis of Schizophrenia?
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Developmental problems Neurochemical problems Genetics All of the above None of the above
Psychopathology
What may be the biological basis of Schizophrenia? 1. Developmental problems (neurogenesis, migration, synaptogenesis). 2. Neurochemical problems (too much/too little neurotransmitters or receptor stimulation) 3. Genetics (50% concordance rate among monozygotic twins) 4. All of the above 5. None of the above
Psychopathology
Psychopathology
In Schizophrenia, the symptoms can be broadly classified into two types. Positive symptoms include: hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thought, bizarre behaviors. Negative symptoms include: social withdrawal, flat affect, anhedonia, poor motivation/focus, alogia, catatonia. The symptoms are classified as such because ___________.
a. the positive symptoms indicate a better disease outcome than negative symptoms. b. the negative symptoms are much more severe/detrimental to functioning than the positive ones. c. the drugs that are used to treat schizophrenia cause the negative symptoms. d. the positive symptoms are additive behaviors (behaviors that don't normally occur) whereas negative symptoms are more like losses or subtraction from normal behaviors.
Psychopathology
In Schizophrenia, the symptoms can be broadly classified into two types. Positive symptoms include: hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thought, bizarre behaviors. Negative symptoms include: social withdrawal, flat affect, anhedonia, poor motivation/focus, alogia, catatonia. The symptoms are classified as such because ___________.
a. the positive symptoms indicate a better disease outcome than negative symptoms. b. the negative symptoms are much more severe/detrimental to functioning than the positive ones. c. the drugs that are used to treat schizophrenia cause the negative symptoms. d. the positive symptoms are additive behaviors (behaviors that don't normally occur) whereas negative symptoms are more like losses or subtraction from normal behaviors.
Patients who are diagnosed with bipolar disorder show behaviors associated with both depression and _________. Treatment using the drug _________is very effective but this drug's therapeutic range is small. a. b. c. d. psychosis/ SSRIs obsessive-compulsive behaviors/ tricyclics mania / lithium mania / propranolol
Psychopathology
Patients who are diagnosed with bipolar disorder show behaviors associated with both depression and _________. Treatment using the drug _________is very effective but this drug's therapeutic range is small. a. b. c. d. psychosis/ SSRIs obsessive-compulsive behaviors/ tricyclics mania / lithium mania / propranolol
Psychopathology
Psychopathology Which of the following hypotheses have been put forth to explain the biological basis of schizophrenia.
1. Understimulation of the D2 dopamine receptor 2. Understimulation of the NMDA glutamate receptor 3. Cellular disorganization of the pyramidal cells of the hippocampus 4. Increased blood flow to the frontal cortex (i.e., "overactivity") 5. Loss of grey matter
Psychopathology Which of the following hypotheses have been put forth to explain the biological basis of schizophrenia.
1. Understimulation of the D2 dopamine receptor (it's overstimulation of D2R) 2. Understimulation of the NMDA glutamate receptor 3. Cellular disorganization of the pyramidal cells of the hippocampus 4. Increased blood flow to the frontal cortex (i.e., "overactivity") (it's underactivity of PFC) 5. Loss of grey matter
The strongest criticism of the monoamine hypothesis of depression is that ___________.
Psychopathology
A. it ignores genetic causes of the disorder B. treatment with drugs take weeks to ameliorate symptoms but minuets to affect neurotransmitter levels C. it's untestable D. no evidence
Can the same criticism be applied to the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia? ( Yes or No)
The strongest criticism of the monoamine hypothesis of depression is that ___________.
Psychopathology
A. it ignores genetic causes of the disorder B. treatment with drugs take weeks to ameliorate symptoms but minuets to affect neurotransmitter levels C. it's untestable D. no evidence
Can the same criticism be applied to the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia? ( Yes or No)
In order to learn and remember declarative (explicit) information, there are three things that must occur. These are: a. habituation, dishabituation, and sensitization b. skill learning, priming, and conditioning c. encoding, consolidation, retrieval d. latent learning, unconditional response, instrumental behavior
Learning and Memory
In order to learn and remember declarative (explicit) information, there are three things that must occur. These are: a. habituation, dishabituation, and sensitization b. skill learning, priming, and conditioning c. encoding, consolidation, retrieval d. latent learning, unconditional response, instrumental behavior
Learning and Memory
_________ receptors are important for the establishment (induction) of LTP (long term potentiation) in the CA1 region of the hippocampus, but are not necessary after a long term memory has been established. a. AMPA b. Glutamate c. NMDA d. GABA
Learning and Memory
_________ receptors are important for the establishment (induction) of LTP (long term potentiation) in the CA1 region of the hippocampus, but are not necessary after a long term memory has been established. a. AMPA b. Glutamate c. NMDA d. GABA
Learning and Memory
Can someone incur a brain lesion that leaves semantic memory more or less intact while impairing episodic memory? ( Yes or No )
Learning and Memory
Can someone incur a brain lesion that leaves semantic memory more or less intact while impairing episodic memory? ( Yes or No )
e.g., patient K.C.
Learning and Memory
For patients H.M. and N.A., which of the following memories could they acquire after their accident/surgery? A. how to balance a pickle on their noses B. crme brle is delicious C. don't touch the shinny red button or you'll get tazed bro D. that time you had the special brownies and tried to eat the neighbor's wiener dog
Learning and Memory
For patients H.M. and N.A., which of the following memories could they acquire after their accident/surgery? A. how to balance a pickle on their noses (Skill) B. crme brle is delicious (note that i consider this to be a "fact" i.e., semantic) C. don't touch the shinny red button or you'll get tazed bro (Classical conditioning) D. that time you had the special brownies and tried to eat the neighbor's wiener dog (Episodic)
Learning and Memory
H.M had his medial temporal lobes removed to treat epilepsy, resulting in _________ amnesia. This syndrome is characterized by loss of (old/new) _________ memory, but intact ________ memory. 1. Retrograde, old declarative, non-declarative 2. Retrograde, old non-declarative, declarative 3. Retrograde, new declarative, non-declarative 4. Anterograde, old declarative, non-declarative 5. Anterograde, new non-declarative, declarative 6. Anterograde, new declarative, non-declarative
Learning and Memory
H.M had his medial temporal lobes removed to treat epilepsy, resulting in _________ amnesia. This syndrome is characterized by loss of (old/new) _________ memory, but intact ________ memory. 1. Retrograde, old declarative, non-declarative 2. Retrograde, old non-declarative, declarative 3. Retrograde, new declarative, non-declarative 4. Anterograde, old declarative, non-declarative 5. Anterograde, new non-declarative, declarative 6. Anterograde, new declarative, non-declarative
Learning and Memory
Match the memory with area wherein a lesion would cause impairment
Learning and Memory
Spatial location recognition memory Object recognition memory Response recognition memory
Extrastriate visual cortex
Prefrontal Cortex
Hippocampus
Working memory
Caudate Nucleus (striatum/basal ganglia)
A split-brain patient has had his corpus callosum surgically cut. If you present an item to this patient's left visual field, he will be able to identify it _________, but will not be able to identify it _________. 1. With his left hand, verbally 2. With his right hand, verbally 3. With his left hand, with his right hand 4. Verbally, with his left hand 5. Verbally, with his right hand
Cognitive Neuroscience
A split-brain patient has had his corpus callosum surgically cut. If you present an item to this patient's left visual field, he will be able to identify it _________, but will not be able to identify it _________. 1. With his left hand, verbally 2. With his right hand, verbally 3. With his left hand, with his right hand 4. Verbally, with his left hand 5. Verbally, with his right hand
Cognitive Neuroscience