presented Papers at the
Consultation Workshop on Millet- and Sorghum- Based Systems in West Africa
The McKnight Foundation Collaborative Crop Research Program (CCRP) International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) Institut National de Recherches Agronomiques du Niger (INRAN) Niamey, Niger 27-30 January 2004
Translated by Mohamed Ag Ayoya Compiled by Kelly Lindsay
Atelier de Consultation sur les systmes mil/sorgho en Afrique de lOuest Consultation workshop on millet- and sorghum- based systems in West Africa
McKnight-ICRISAT-INRAN Niamey, Niger 27-30 janvier 2004
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements Summary of workshop proceedings... 4 5
Rsums/Abstracts
Full papers available on enclosed CD
Scurit alimentaire/Food security
R. Jones Que signifie la scurit alimentaire?............................................................................................................................ What is meant by food security? ... M. Ag Bendech Situation nutritionnelle en Afrique de lOuest.... Nutrition situation in West Africa... S. Dittoh Faire le lien entre lagriculture et la nutrition (dimensions socio-conomiques pour amliorer la scurit alimentaire en Afrique de lOuest).............................................................................................................................. Making the link between agriculture and nutrition (socio-economic dimensions of improving food security in W. Africa).. C. Tankoano, P. Gubbels Renforcement des capacits des structures paysannes: lment indispensable pour la scurit alimentaire au Sahel Strengthening peasant organizations' capacities as key elements of ensuring food security in the Sahel.. J. Ndjeunga et al La competitivit du sorgho et mil dans les systmes alimentaires craliers dans les tropiques semi arides de lAfrique de lOuest................................................................................. The competitiveness of sorghum and millet in the cereal food systems in the semi-arid tropics of West Africa... M. Haidara Une exprience russie en matire de scurit alimentaire dans la localit de Diola : le cas de lUnion locale des producteurs de cereals................................................................................. A successful experience with respect to food security in Diola : The case of the local union of cereals producers. 14 15 16 17
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Striga
C. Grenier et al Management intgr du Striga (ISM) en Afrique de lEst ................................................................. Integrated Striga management (ISM) in East Africa... B. Haussmann, D. Hess Genetics of Striga resistance in sorghum and pearl millet.. 25 26 27 28
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Atelier de Consultation sur les systmes mil/sorgho en Afrique de lOuest Consultation workshop on millet- and sorghum- based systems in West Africa
McKnight-ICRISAT-INRAN Niamey, Niger 27-30 janvier 2004 29
A Toure et al Amelioration genetique de la resistance au Striga chez le sorgho....... Genetic improvement of Striga resistance in sorghum I. Kapran et al Introduction des gnes rsistants au Striga dans les cultivars locaux africains... Introgression of genes for Striga resistance into African landraces of sorghum.
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Augmenter la productivit sur les sols pauvres en Phosphore / Increasing productivity on P-deficient soils
A. Bationo et al Augmenter la productivit sur les sols pauvres en Phosphore, multiplication points saillants de la recherche sur la gestion integre de la fertilit du sol dans le Sahel.... Research highlights on integrated soil fertility management in the Sahel................................................................... F. Lompo et al Degradation des terres en afrique de louest etat des lieux des technologies disponibles et perspectives regionales de recherches............................................................................................................... Degradation of soils in West Africa: inventory of available technologies and regional research perspectives.. S. Snapp Amliorer la productivit du systme base de crales travers l'intensification de lgumineuses Improving cereal-based system productivity through legume intensification. B. Sogoba Perspectives des cultivateurs/paysans pour lamlioration du sorgho au Mali... Farmers/peasants perspectives for the improvement of sorghum in Mali.. C. Kudadjie et al Efforts prliminaires pour lamlioration varitale du sorgho avec les zgriculteurs dans le Nord-Est du Ghana.. Preliminary efforts at sorghum varietal improvement with farmers in North-Eastern Ghana G. Omanya et al Amlioration de la varit du mil en Afrique de lOuest: Leons apprises et perspectives.... Variety improvement of pearl millet in West Africa: lessons learnt and perspectives... S. Ipinge Multiplier le mil et le sorgho hybrides pour l'Afrique Centrale, lAfrique de lEst et lAfrique Australe.. Breeding hybrid millet and sorghum for Central, Eastern and Southern Africa J. Ndjeunga et al Systemes locaux dapprovisionnement des villages en semence dans les tropiques semi-arides de l'afrique de louest : pratiques, contraintes et opportunites actuelles Local village seed supply systems in the semi-arid tropics of West Africa: current practices, constraints and opportunities M. Togo Fertilisation du sol et production de semence pour une scurit alimentaire.................................................. Soil fertilization and seed production for food security.................................................. 51 51
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Atelier de Consultation sur les systmes mil/sorgho en Afrique de lOuest Consultation workshop on millet- and sorghum- based systems in West Africa
McKnight-ICRISAT-INRAN Niamey, Niger 27-30 janvier 2004
J. Sedgo et al Contributions des foires/bons de graines comme stratgie de rtablissement de l'agriculture aprs-scheresse sous les systmes base mil/sorgho en Afrique de lOuest Contributions of seed fairs/vouchers as a post-drought agriculture recovery strategy under millet/sorghum based systems in West Africa.. I. Atokple et al Transplanter le sorgho et le mil: scurit alimentaire pour les personnes pauvres vivant dans les zones semiarides et avec faible pluviomtrie Transplanting sorghum and millet: food security for resource-poor people in semi-arid, low rainfall areas. I. Atokple et al Reduire la mnace de la secheresse et travers la transplantation du mil et du sorgho de de du Striga : Au Ghana d'Une tude de cas ducing la menace de la scheresse et du Striga par la transplantation de sorgho et de millet : Une tude de cas au Ghana.. Reducing the menace of drought and Striga through sorghum and millet transplanting: A case study in Ghana.. I. Angarawai et al Renforcer la ressource - productivit des fermiers pauvres par le mil perl hybride.. Enhancing resource poor farmers productivity by pearl millet hybrid. A. Abasse Stratgie pour amliorer la scurit alimentaire en priode de soudure: les associations mil/Cassia tora ; mil/Moringa oleifera... Strategy for improving food security during periods of food shortage: Associations of millet/Cassia tora; millet/Moringa oleifera I. Baoua et al La lutte biologique contre la mineuse de lepi de mil, Heliocheilus albipunctella de joannis avec lutilisation du parasitode, Habrobracon hebetor say Biological control of millet headminer, Heliocheilus albipunctella through the use of the parasitoid Habrobracon hebetor say....................................................................................................... P. Chee, J. Wilson Variabilit gntique des mils perls sauvages avec la rsistance au Striga... Genetic variability of wild pearl millets with Striga resistance.. N. Maman Amlioration de la productivit des systmes de culture base mil et sorgho au Niger Enhancing productivity in millet/sorghum based systems in Niger F. Diabate Exprience de lONG A.CO.D dans lamlioration de la scurit alimentaire Siby Experience of the A.CO.D NGO in the improvement of food security in Siby..
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Atelier de Consultation sur les systmes mil/sorgho en Afrique de lOuest Consultation workshop on millet- and sorghum- based systems in West Africa
McKnight-ICRISAT-INRAN Niamey, Niger 27-30 janvier 2004
Acknowledgements The organizing committee (Bruno Grard, Kathy Rysted, Rachel Bezner Kerr, Mohamed Ag Ayoya and Rebecca Nelson) would like to thank the following institutions and persons: ICRISAT and INRAN Niamey for co-hosting the workshop and their staffs for the efforts put to assure its success. All the participants (list in Appendix I) for their participation, contribution to the presentations/posters and fruitful discussions. The McKnight Foundation for sponsoring and funding the event, especially to Mac and Ben Binger for attending. The oversight commitee members (Bob Goodman, Richard Jones and Charity Kabuta) for their participation and contributions The Rockfeller Foundation for supporting participants from Southern Africa (Namibia and Zimbabwe) and Nigeria.
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Atelier de Consultation sur les systmes mil/sorgho en Afrique de lOuest Consultation workshop on millet- and sorghum- based systems in West Africa
McKnight-ICRISAT-INRAN Niamey, Niger 27-30 janvier 2004
Summary of CCRP Workshop Proceedings Consultation Workshop on Millet and Sorghum Based Systems in West Africa 27-30 January, 2004 Niamey, Niger Organized by The McKnight Foundations Collaborative Crop Research Program Funded by the McKnight Foundation Co-hosted by The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and The Niger National Institute for Agronomic Research (INRAN) Niamey, Niger. I. Introduction This consultation workshop was organized as part of the process aimed at developing a new cycle of grants under the CCRP. The workshops overall objective was to identify potential areas of investment and collaboration for agricultural research and development activities that will improve food security and nutrition for people depending on millet and sorghum-based systems in West Africa. The workshop was structured to focus on a series of themes suggested by the oversight committee and others with knowledge of the region. The three-day workshop was attended by 92 participants from Niger, Burkina Faso, Mali, Senegal, Nigeria, Ghana, Namibia, Kenya, Zimbabwe, USA, Brazil, France and Germany. During the group meetings and plenary discussions, diverse regional and international participants (researchers, farmer representatives, NGO groups and donors) expressed their opinions and shared experiences and concerns on how existing and future programs could best address these issues. Please note that the proceedings, abstracts, full papers of workshop presentations, in French and English, can be accessed through the CCRP website (http://mcknight.ccrp.cornell.edu/participants/wafricawkshp03.html). Papers and/or Powerpoint presentations are available upon request from Kelly Lindsay ([e-mail]). Please let Kelly know if you would prefer to receive the information in printed form or on a CD. Key points raised by participants and organized by sub-themes included: Linkages between Agricultural Research and Nutrition: Striga The parasitic week Striga is a problem in the region. Some researchers, farmers and development workers argued that there are more pressing pest management issues, such as insects, head miner, parasites and diseases. Food insecurity and malnutrition are of public health importance in the region, where millet and sorghum are the most consumed food crops. Little attention is given by researchers to the linkages that exist or must exist between agriculture and nutrition.
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Atelier de Consultation sur les systmes mil/sorgho en Afrique de lOuest Consultation workshop on millet- and sorghum- based systems in West Africa
McKnight-ICRISAT-INRAN Niamey, Niger 27-30 janvier 2004
Soil Infertility Poor soil fertility is a serious constraint to high crop production in the Sahel, and fertilizers are not always accessible by farmers. Although legume cultivation can play a role in enhancing soil fertility, in decreasing problems with Striga infestation, and in providing nutritious products, legumes are underutilized by African smallholders due to a range of constraints that need to be overcome. Some breeding scientists believe that millet hybrids could contribute to improving food security in the region. It was noted that any hybrid program would need to address the issue of seed affordability and availability. There is a general agreement that breeding alone will not solve the nutrition and food security problems of the region. Seed access and supply are important constraints for millet and sorghum based systems. Farmers should be included in research and the specific cultural, socio-economic and ecological characteristics and implications of such research should be carefully considered. Collaboration among stakeholders (researchers, farmers, NGOs and food processors) should be promoted, encouraged and supported. The market size is limited, and farmers need to be trained to be able to market their products. Millet, sorghum, livestock, legumes and vegetables should be considered together. This would contribute to diversified sources of food and income and in improving soil fertility and water management for enhanced production and nutrition. Future projects should be small and pilot, and build on existing programs/experiences in the region. They should be market oriented, support emergency seed distribution systems, and promote multidisciplinary and participative approaches. They also should be demand oriented and of medium to long-term duration, i.e. 5 to 10 years with frequent monitoring/evaluation.
Breeding Options & Seed Systems
Research and Development Approaches
II. Objectives The workshops overall objective was to identify potential areas of investment and collaboration for agricultural research and development activities that will improve food security and nutrition in millet and sorghum-based systems in West Africa.
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Atelier de Consultation sur les systmes mil/sorgho en Afrique de lOuest Consultation workshop on millet- and sorghum- based systems in West Africa
McKnight-ICRISAT-INRAN Niamey, Niger 27-30 janvier 2004
The specific aims were: 1. To better understand the linkages between agricultural research, food security and nutritional outcomes. 2. To exchange ideas amongst organizations on methodologies and approaches. 3. To critically examine the importance for food security and current status of knowledge and practices on the following sub-themes: a) Striga management b) Improving productivity on P-deficient soils c) Varietal improvement (open-pollinated and hybrid varieties) d) Seed access and supply 4. To identify and encourage potential areas of inter-institutional collaboration. 5. To exchange opinions about ideal project size and structure; and how to create a regional learning community that addresses food security and nutrition through crop research and development activities. III. Workshop Process Each day had different themes based on the above objectives. Presentations and discussions were held on each theme, including small group discussions. Day 1: Tuesday, January 27th: Workshop opening Presentations B. Grard, Director ICRISAT-Niamey I. Mahamane, INRAN M. Binger, The McKnight Foundation The Minister of Agriculture Development B. Binger, The McKnight Foundation R. Nelson, Program Director, CCRP Field Visit A visit of the Bokki Farmer Union (rural credit, inventory credit, input shop, intensification and income generating activities) ended the day activities. Workshop participants were able to observe how millet and sorghum are stored, and the ways that farmers have organized themselves in the region. It was clear from this visit that social organization was one critical component in approaches to improve food security and nutrition. In addition, the number of collaborating institutions in the region emphasized to workshop participants the importance of multi-stakeholder research programs. Furthermore, the field visit demonstrated the importance of considering multiple aspects of millet and sorghum production (e.g. credit to buy inputs; food processing equipment) rather than focusing solely on increased food production.
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Atelier de Consultation sur les systmes mil/sorgho en Afrique de lOuest Consultation workshop on millet- and sorghum- based systems in West Africa
McKnight-ICRISAT-INRAN Niamey, Niger 27-30 janvier 2004
Day 2: Wednesday, January 28th Morning Session: Food Security and Nutrition (Chair: M. Gandah, Niger) Presentations R. Jones (ICRISAT-Nairobi): Concept of Food Security M. Ag Bendech (HKI Burkina): Nutritional Problems in West Africa S. Dittoh (University of Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana): Linkages between Agriculture & Nutritional Outcomes Questions & Discussion following the presentations: - Social factors are important to consider when understanding low production, including: lack of land accessibility; religious beliefs; poor crop storage; lack of solidarity among people (individualism) and poor access to information. - Market issues are key factors for encouraging people to produce more. - There is also a great need in the sub-region to facilitate communication and movements between countries in order to exchange experiences and information. -The need for diversifying income activities in rural areas and improving hygiene, storage and packaging of rural products so that they become more competitive on urban markets was raised and highly supported in the audience. Presentations: F. Tankoano (World Neighbors, Burkina Faso): Capacity Building for Peasant Organizations J. Ndjeunga (ICRISAT-Niamey): Competitiveness of Sorghum and Millet in the Food Systems in the semi-arid tropics of West Africa M. Haidara (Afrique Verte-Mali): Working with Farmers to Market Cereals Questions and Discussion: - Producers need training to enable them to market their cereals. This is a necessary prerequisite for increased production and also for higher income. - The problem of millet and sorghum competitiveness is not between intensification and extensification; the emphasis should be on added values of products (e.g. beer; baby food production). Added value will increase demand, and therefore encourage farmers to invest more in technologies. - Social constraints resulting in low production and poor childcare should be better understood and taken into consideration as well. Summary of Small Group Discussions on Food Security and Nutrition: 1. Look at food security in the regional context: food availability (production, stability, diversification) is subject to erratic rainfall, and production not stable. There is a need for greater agricultural diversification to enhance diets and incomes. Accessibility of food (economic, social, market) is also a problem, due to farmers limited purchasing power. Farmers have limited markets. -8-
Atelier de Consultation sur les systmes mil/sorgho en Afrique de lOuest Consultation workshop on millet- and sorghum- based systems in West Africa
McKnight-ICRISAT-INRAN Niamey, Niger 27-30 janvier 2004
2. What are the critical research and development issues related to food security and nutrition in the region? Topics of research should include: diversification of production, including the use of legumes, and crop-livestock systems; policies (including nutrition and infrastructure); production and markets; processing foods/feed; diversity of ecological zones; study of nutritive values of these cereals; facilitation of transport from production zone; and empowerment of women with respect to management within households. Afternoon Session: Integrated Striga Management Presentations C. Grenier (Purdue University): Integrated Striga management in East Africa B. Haussmann (Hohenheim University): Genetics of Striga Resistance in Sorghum and Pearl Millet A. Tour (IER-Mali): Breeding for Striga Resistance I. Kapran (INRAN-Niger): Introgression of Genes for Striga Resistance into African Landraces of Sorghum Summary of Questions and Discussion of Striga presentations: - Striga is a problem (an estimated 40% yield is lost to this pest), but it is not the only one. Striga is associated with several other constraints such as insects and diseases. - Poor farmers are the most vulnerable and affected. The problem is complex and should be addressed with respect to the ecosystem. Methods of control are known but difficult to apply. - The use of fertilizers and crop rotation can help reduce Striga infestation. The impact of intercropping of sorghum and cowpea on Striga development is not known, while intercropping millet and cowpea has been shown to reduce Striga. Relative importance of different factors for Striga control and their interactions are not very well known. - Striga-resistant sorghum varieties have been developed. The promotion of improved varieties does not mean that local varieties should not be used anymore. The use of Striga-resistant varieties is a way of allowing farmers to avoid abandoning fields infested with Striga, which is often necessary when susceptible cultivars are used. Day 3: Thursday, January 29th: Morning Session: Increasing productivity on P-deficient soils (Chair: F. Batta, WN) Presentations A. Hassane: Farmer perspectives on productivity constraints A. Bationo: Integrated Soil Fertility Management F. Lompo: Soil and water management M. Nouri: Response to soil amendments W. Payne: Mineral x organic x water x genetic interactions R. Schaffert: Enhancing P uptake through crop improvement in Brazil S. Snapp: Opportunities and challenges associated with legume intensification
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Atelier de Consultation sur les systmes mil/sorgho en Afrique de lOuest Consultation workshop on millet- and sorghum- based systems in West Africa
McKnight-ICRISAT-INRAN Niamey, Niger 27-30 janvier 2004
Questions and Discussion - A large proportion of rain water (40-60%) is wasted and not used by the crops, making it the most limiting factor for increased biomass in the region. - Legumes have a place in the farming system if farmers are willing to include them, because of the high intercrop potential. - Listening to problems raised by farmers is also a key element as is documenting their views and options. Farmers need training on the technologies and the way they should be applied/utilized. -The issue of whether the researchers should involve farmers in the research process and at what time was raised and a consensus was not obtained. All agreed that farmers should be involved in the research process but there were different and opposing opinions with respect to its timing (some arguing that this should be done at the beginning and others thinking that it should be done later on). - There is a general agreement that breeding alone will not solve the nutrition problems and that a multidisciplinary approach involving scientists from different fields working very closely with farmers would be more effective. Summary of Small Group Discussions on Soil Fertility: - The problem of poor soil fertility is a reality in the region. Technologies for improving soils fertility exist, but it is necessary to identified with farmers those that are the most appropriate by areas. Combined used of local phosphate with mineral fertilizers is highly recommended, but out of most farmers reach. - It is worthwhile to introduce legumes and consider indigenous knowledge. Genotypes that are most efficient in using nutrients should be identified. -Participatory approaches have been under-utilized in this area. Better advances could be expected if researchers include farmers in research and carefully consider the specific cultural, socio-economic and ecological characteristics of such research. It will be important to promote, encourage and support better collaboration among stakeholders (researchers, farmers, NGOs and food processors) Afternoon Session: Varietal Improvement (Chair: S. Dittoh, Ghana) Presentations: E. Weltzien: Sorghum and Millet Improvement in W. Africa B. Sogoba: Farmer Perspectives on Sorghum Improvement C. Kudadje: Sorghum Varietal Improvement with Farmers in NE Ghana G. Omanya: Varietal Improvement of Pearl Millet in West Africa B. Ouendaba: Hybrid Approaches to Cereal Improvement S. Ipinge: Breeding Hybrid Millet and Sorghum for C., E. and S. Africa Panel Discussions: Exploiting diversity through breeding open pollinated varieties Exploiting heterosis through breeding hybrids
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Atelier de Consultation sur les systmes mil/sorgho en Afrique de lOuest Consultation workshop on millet- and sorghum- based systems in West Africa
McKnight-ICRISAT-INRAN Niamey, Niger 27-30 janvier 2004
Questions and Discussion: - There is a significant debate about the relative merits of using open-pollinated varieties (OPVs) versus hybrids. It is a complex and tricky debate. OPVs are the dominant reality, and the issue is really how big a role hybrids might be able to play in a future scenario. Some felt that OPV and hybrid breeding approaches should not be separated. Each has a role in the region because some varieties will work under certain climate and socio-economic conditions and not under others. Others argued that the region should opt more for OPVs because seeds are available/reuseable and exchanges among farmers may be more flexible than that of hybrid types. They also are more adaptative and result in high yields. In any case, distribution and diffusion of seeds at the sub-region level needs to be thought through. - There is room for improvement within OPVs. It is felt that the approach of improving local varieties should be supported. These varieties are well adapted and diverse. Participatory breeding is critical in ensure success of adoption by farmers. - Hybrids can offer much higher yields than OPVs. Hybrids can have disadvantages relative to OPVs because of their uniformity, which provides for a very strong selection of pathogens, and because seed must be purchased periodically. There are a range of strategies for producing hybrids, which can deal with some of these problems. - Hybrids are usually produced by the private seed sector, which is lacking in the region. Availability of promising hybrids could allow a seed sector to begin. There is a necessity for bringing the private sector into the seed system from the beginning of the breeding process. Day 4: Friday, January 30th: Seed Issues (Chair: R. Goodman) Presentations: J. Ndjeunga: Community and Household Issues in Improving Seed Access M. Togo: Farmer Perspectives on Seed Production J. Sedgo: Seed fairs as a means to understand Seed Security and Market Issues A. Luxereau and G. Bezanon: Seed Conservation and Biodiversity Summary of Small Group Discussions on Seed Issues: 1. Seed access and supply are important constraints for millet and sorghum based systems. Seed costs are very often very high and production limited. Varieties of quality that are adequate to farmers needs should be developed. Information on these varieties should be available and diffused as much as possible. Local communities should be involved. 2. The demand for millet and sorghum seeds varies within and between countries and relies on rainfall patterns (farmers will go for these improved seeds when the rain is late); quality of the seeds; existence of markets; and existence of government support for seed systems and markets. 3. The warrantage system, which encourages people to stock seeds, should be encouraged.
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Atelier de Consultation sur les systmes mil/sorgho en Afrique de lOuest Consultation workshop on millet- and sorghum- based systems in West Africa
McKnight-ICRISAT-INRAN Niamey, Niger 27-30 janvier 2004
Summary of Group Discussion held by Farmers and Non-Governmental Organization Representatives: This group met over two days to identify the particular constraints that farmers and nongovernmental organizations face in trying to use agricultural research to improve food security and nutrition. They recognized that the constraints they face are enormous. They identified five priorities to be addressed: Climate patterns Soil infertility Inappropriate technologies Technologies not available to farmers Poverty, which forces farmers to sell their produce
The group advocated for a sincere and equitable partnership with scientists. They highlighted the importance of women participating in any intervention strategy, and they recommended that women scientists support women farmers in the field. They also suggested that farmers capacities should be strengthened. Credit access needs to be facilitated, and better strategies for repayment of debts. The group felt that they also needed some protection against price fluctuations. IV. Suggestions regarding the design of future projects in the region: Participants made the following suggestions on future project size, structure and duration. - Build on existent programs and experiences from the region (e.g. Rocafremi). - Establish collaboration and partnership among farmers organizations, NGOs and research (INRAN, CIRAD, IRD, CORAF, Universities, ICRISAT and other international centers). - Link farmers as real partners in project to NGOs, private sector, national research (international centers could provide backstopping and facilitate South-South cooperation). Strengthen the capacity of farmers organizations to negotiate. - Projects should be market oriented, i.e. build farmers capacity in market oriented approach; enhance their skills in accessing and using market information and also in marketing business negotiation. - Consider together millet, sorghum, livestock, legumes and vegetables. This would contribute to diversified sources of food to improve nutritional status of vulnerable populations. Integrated livestock into cropping would contribute in improving soil fertility and water management for enhanced production and will increase revenues and nutrition as well. - Select varieties with high P acquisition capacity. - Projects should have a strategy for an integrated soil and water management. - Projects with added value for millet and sorghum are necessary. - Document successes and failures.
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Atelier de Consultation sur les systmes mil/sorgho en Afrique de lOuest Consultation workshop on millet- and sorghum- based systems in West Africa
McKnight-ICRISAT-INRAN Niamey, Niger 27-30 janvier 2004
- Ensure and promote multidisciplinary and participatory research clearly involving farmers, in order to integrate indigenous and scientific knowledge. - Start with small and pilot projects within each country with specific partners and intervention domains and ensure experience exchanges. These projects should include income-generating activities for farmers income increase; and innovative institutional collaborative linkages. - Project should be demand oriented and of medium to long-term duration: 5 to 10 years with frequent evaluations. V. Conclusion: This consultative workshop provided an unusual opportunity for different groups of the region to meet in order to discuss, express and exchange opinions and experiences with the aim of identifying potential areas of investment and collaboration for agricultural research and development activities that will improve food security and nutrition in West Africa. It served as a forum where the participants from different areas of interest (researchers, farmers, NGO representatives) were able to ask questions, raise worries about the constraints affecting food security and nutrition in West Africa, and recommend strategies and solutions to deal with these issues in the future. The full version of the workshop proceedings can be found on the enclosed CD.
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Atelier de Consultation sur les systmes mil/sorgho en Afrique de lOuest Consultation workshop on millet- and sorghum- based systems in West Africa
McKnight-ICRISAT-INRAN Niamey, Niger 27-30 janvier 2004
Que signifie la scurit alimentaire? R. Jones The McKnight Foundation Collaborative Crop Research Program, USA Rsum Le terme scurit alimentaire est largement utilis dans la littrature du dveloppement, mais lhistoire de la scurit alimentaire a chang durant les dernires 30 annes depuis que le terme a t dfini la Confrence Mondiale pour lAlimentation en 1975. A cette priode le focus tait beaucoup plus sur la scurit alimentaire globale et nationale, mais lattention a dvi vers la scurit alimentaire du mnage et de lindividu. Au fur et a msure que notre comprhension des conditions de vie augmente, la reflexion propos de la scurit alimentaire est alle au dl de la mentalit nourriture dabord de la plupart de la littrature sur la scurit alimentaire en reconnaissance du fait que lagriculture nest pas la seule source de la nourriture et du revenu. Plus rcemment, lattention a dvi vers comment msurer la scurit alimentaire plus subjectivement parce que les gens peuvent se sentir en inscurit alimentaire sil ya un manque de choix, ils se sentent privs ou sont forcs dacquirir la nourriture dans des conditions sociales non acceptables. Maxwell (1988) a dfini la scurit alimentaire comme un pays et un peuple sont en scurit alimentaire lorsque leur systme alimentaire opre de faon enlever la peur quil ny aura pas assez manger. En particulier, la scurit alimentaire sera acheve lorsque le pauvre et le vulnrable, particulirement les femmes et les enfants et ceux vivant dans les endroits marginaux, ont accs la nourriture quils veulent. En rsum, linscurit alimentaire nest plus vue comme un chec de lagriculture produire assez de nourriture au niveau national, mais un chec des moyens dexistence garantir un accs une alimentation suffisante au niveau du mnage. Le cadre conceptuel de la scurit alimentaire, qui considre la disponibilit, laccs et lutilisation, est souvent utilis comme un outil pratique pour msurer linscurit alimentaire. En Afrique au sud du Sahara, lagriculture est au coeur de la scurit alimentaire cause des multiples roles jous par les secteurs agricoles comme source demployement et moyens dexistence, et comme les principaux moteurs de lactivit conomique. Il ya potentiellement trois diffrentes stratgies ouvertes aux gouvernements qui sont concerns par la croissance et la rduction de la pauvrt: croissance dabord, nourriture dabord ou scurit alimentaire dabord. Une stratgie de scurit alimentaire dabord donne la priorit lamlioration de labilit du pauvre acqurir la nourriture par la production, lachat, lchange/cadeau. Puisque la majorit des personnes pauvres vivent dans les zones rurales, ceci va invitablement signifier un focus fort sur lagriculture et le dveloppement rural. Les resources ont besoin dtre dirige vers les zones potentiellement faibles (forte pauvrt) pour minimiser les risques en aidant stabiliser les fluctations inter-annuelles de la production alimentaire, et vers les rcoltes, qui augmentent le revenu, que celles ci soient alimentaires ou destines la vente.
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Atelier de Consultation sur les systmes mil/sorgho en Afrique de lOuest Consultation workshop on millet- and sorghum- based systems in West Africa
McKnight-ICRISAT-INRAN Niamey, Niger 27-30 janvier 2004
What is meant by food security? R. Jones The McKnight Foundation Collaborative Crop Research Program, USA Abstract The term food security is widely used in development literature, but the history of thinking about food security has changed over the last 30 years since the term was defined at the World Food Conference in 1975. At that time focus was very much on global and national food security but attention then shifted towards household and individual food security. As our understanding of livelihoods increased, thinking about food security has gone beyond the food first mentality of much of the food security literature in recognition of the fact that agriculture is not the only source of food and income. More recently attention has shifted towards assessing food security more subjectively as people can feel food insecure if there is lack of choice, they feel deprived or are forced to acquire food in socially unacceptable ways. Maxwell (1988) has defined food security as a country and people are food secure when their food system operates in such a way as to remove the fear that there will not be enough to eat. In particular, food security will be achieved when the poor and vulnerable, particularly women and children and those living in marginal areas, have access to the food they want. In summary food insecurity is no longer seen as a failure of agriculture to produce sufficient food at the national level, but as a failure of livelihoods to guarantee access to sufficient food at the household level. The food security framework, which considers availability, access and utilization, is often used as a practical tool to assess food insecurity. In sub-Saharan Africa, agriculture is at the heart of food security because of the multiple roles played by the agricultural sector as a source of employment and livelihood, and as one of the main motors of economic activity. There are potentially three different strategies open to governments that are concerned with growth and poverty reduction; growth-first, food first or food-security first. A food-security first strategy gives priority to improving the ability of the poor to acquire food by production, purchase, and exchange/gift. Since most poor people live in rural areas, this will inevitably mean a strong focus on agriculture and rural development. Resources need to be directed towards low potential areas (high poverty) to minimize risks by helping to stabilize inter-annual fluctuations in food production, and to crops, which increase income, regardless of, whether these are food or cash crops.
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Atelier de Consultation sur les systmes mil/sorgho en Afrique de lOuest Consultation workshop on millet- and sorghum- based systems in West Africa
McKnight-ICRISAT-INRAN Niamey, Niger 27-30 janvier 2004
Situation nutritionnelle en Afrique de lOuest M. Ag Bendech Helen Keller International (HKI), 04 BP 8150, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso Auteur correspondant: [e-mail] Rsum Ltat nutritionnel est dsormais considr comme lun des indicateurs cls de dveloppement national. Selon les estimations les plus rcentes de la FAO, 840 millions dindividus ne couvrent pas leurs besoins en nergie alimentaire. En Afrique de lOuest, les problmes de sant lis lalimentation sont nombreux et reprsentent bien plus que des problmes de disponibilit quantitative et de scurit sanitaire des aliments: faible poids la naissance, retards de croissance des enfants de moins de cinq ans, dnutrition maternelle, carences en micronutriments (Vitamine A, fer, iode et zinc), maladies chroniques telles quobsit, diabte sucr et maladies cardiovasculaires. La prvalence du faible poids la naissance, d la malnutrition ftale, varie de 10 20% selon le pays. Dans plusieurs pays dAfrique de louest ayant fait lobjet dune enqute dmographique et de sant entre 1991 et 1999, un enfant sur trois de moins de trois ans souffre dun arrt prmatur de croissance. La proportion denfants dge prscolaire qui prsentent une insuffisance pondrale ou un retard de croissance a diminu dans toutes les rgions sauf en Afrique au sud du Sahara. Les carences en micronutriments ou faim insouponne sont frquentes chez les femmes et les enfants. Le nombre total des personnes souffrant des carences en micronutriments dans le monde dpasse vraisemblablement les deux milliards. En Afrique de louest, Les carences en vitamine A, iode et zinc et lanmie nutritionnelle demeurent les plus proccupantes dun point de vue de la sant publique. La monotonie des rgimes alimentaires domestiques et leur pauvret en fruits, lgumes et produits animaux expliquent la frquence des carences cliniques. La probabilit de dcs par maladie chronique non transmissible, pour un adulte, semble de plus en plus leve. Lmergence rapide des maladies chroniques, encore insuffisamment documentes, a des implications considrables en terme de dpense de sant et daccs aux soins adquats. La situation nutritionnelle en Afrique de louest devient de plus en plus complexe cause du double fardeau de la coexistence des carences et des maladies chroniques non transmissibles lies lalimentation. Cela justifie ladoption rapide de nouveaux ajustements des politiques et programmes dintervention de nutrition en cours.
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Atelier de Consultation sur les systmes mil/sorgho en Afrique de lOuest Consultation workshop on millet- and sorghum- based systems in West Africa
McKnight-ICRISAT-INRAN Niamey, Niger 27-30 janvier 2004
Nutrition situation in West Africa M. Ag Bendech Helen Keller International (HKI), 04 LP 8150, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso Corresponding author: [e-mail] Abstract The nutritional status is more and more regarded as one of the key indicators of national development. According to the most recent FAO estimates, 840 million individuals do not meet their food energy requirements. In West Africa, the health problems related to food are numerous and represent much more than problems of quantitative availability and medical safety of foods: low birth weight, growth retardation in children under five, maternal malnutrition, micronutrient deficiencies (Vitamin A, iron, iodine and zinc), chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The prevalence of low birth weight, due to fetal malnutrition, varies from 10 to 20% according to countries. In several countries of West Africa having been the subject of a demographic and health survey between 1991 and 1999, one child out of three under three years suffers from a premature growth retardation. The proportion of wasted and stunted preschool children decreased in all the regions except in Sub-Saharan Africa. Micronutrient deficiencies or "hidden hunger" are frequent among women and children. The total number of people suffering from micronutrient deficiencies in the world probably exceeds the two billion. In West Africa, vitamin A, iodine and zinc deficiencies and nutritional anemia remain the most alarming problems from a public health point of view. The monotony of domestic diets and their poverty in fruits, vegetables and livestock products explain the frequency of clinical deficiencies. The probability of death caused by non-transmissible chronic disease, for an adult, seems increasingly high. The fast emergence of chronic diseases, still insufficiently documented, has considerable implications in term of health expenditure and access to adequate care. The nutrition situation in West Africa is becoming increasingly complex because of the double burden of the coexistence of deficiencies and non-transmissible chronic diseases related to foods. That justifies the fast adoption of new adjustments of policies and nutrition intervention programs that are in progress.
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Atelier de Consultation sur les systmes mil/sorgho en Afrique de lOuest Consultation workshop on millet- and sorghum- based systems in West Africa
McKnight-ICRISAT-INRAN Niamey, Niger 27-30 janvier 2004
Faire le lien entre lagriculture et la nutrition (dimensions socio-conomiques pour amliorer la scurit alimentaire en Afrique de lOuest) S. Dittoh University for Development Studies (UDS), Ghana Rsum Tous les pays ouest Africains se reclament agricoles mme si aucun ne peut se dire autosuffisant en production alimentaire. Pire que tout, linscurit alimentaire et nutritionnelle, qui se manifeste par la malnutrition protino-nergtique et en micronutriments (PEM et MM), sont trs serieuses dans tous les pays. Ceci est du en partie la petite attention donne aux liens qui existent entre lagriculture et la nutrition (ainsi que la sant). Tous les pays ouest Africains parlent de priorit lagriculture et la production alimentaire mais peu mentionnent la priorit pour assurer une meilleure nutrition au peuple. Les questions qui ont besoin des rponses sont : 1) Est-ce quune augmentation de la production alimentaire rsulte automatiquement en une meilleure nutrition ? 2) Pourquoi le lien entre lagriculture et la nutrition est aussi central au dveloppement ? 3) Pourquoi les systmes agricoles bass sur le mil et le sorgho sont aussi importants pour une nutrition adquate en Afrique de lOuest ? 4) Quelle est la rlation entre une agriculture durable ou production alimentaire et une nutrition adquate ? Le papier rpond aux questions ci-dessus et et met laccent sur le fait que les politiques agricoles, la recherche et les interventions dans nimporte quel pays ouest Africain, qui ne sont pas lies de faon trs proche des politiques et objectifs de nutrition comprhensifs et clairement dfinis ne peuvent pas rsoudre les problmes de dveloppement des pays.
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Atelier de Consultation sur les systmes mil/sorgho en Afrique de lOuest Consultation workshop on millet- and sorghum- based systems in West Africa
McKnight-ICRISAT-INRAN Niamey, Niger 27-30 janvier 2004
Making the link between agriculture and nutrition (socio-economic dimensions of improving food security in W. Africa) S. Dittoh University for Development Studies (UDS), Ghana Abstract All West African countries claim to be agricultural and yet not a single one of them can claim to be self sufficient in food production. Worst of all, food and nutrition insecurity, which is manifested by protein energy protein and micronutrient (PEM and MM), is very serious in all the countries. This is partly due to little attention given to the linkages that exist or must exist between agriculture and nutrition (as well as health). All West African countries talk about priority on agriculture and food production but very few mention priority of ensuring better nutrition of the people. The questions that need to be adressed are: 1) Does increase in food production automatically result in better nutrition? 2) Why is the agriculture-nutrition linkage so central to development? 3) Why are millet and sorghum-based farming systems so important for adequate nutrition in West Africa? 4) What is the relationship between sustainable agricultural or food production and nutrition adequacy? The paper addresses the above stated questions and argues that agricultural policies, research and interventions in any West African country, which are not closely linked to comprehensive and explicity stated nutrition policies and objectives cannot address the developmental problems of the countries.
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Atelier de Consultation sur les systmes mil/sorgho en Afrique de lOuest Consultation workshop on millet- and sorghum- based systems in West Africa
McKnight-ICRISAT-INRAN Niamey, Niger 27-30 janvier 2004
Renforcement des capacits des structures paysannes: lment indispensable pour la scurit alimentaire au Sahel C. Tankoano1 et P. Gubbels2 1 World Neighbors, Burkina Faso, 2World Neighbors, USA Rsum Lune des priorits des populations de la Gnagna, une province aride de Nord Est du Burkina Faso avec une pluviomtrie annuelle entre 350 et 650 mm, demeure lauto-suffisance alimentaire. La population pratique une agriculture essentiellement base sur la production du mil et du sorgho. Afin de rduire le taux dentre 55 70% des mnages souffrant de la faim pendant la priode de soudure, Voisins Mondiaux a men une intervention de renforcement des capacits des organisations paysannes pour mener un programme base communautaire dexprimentation et de vulgarisation. Avec une mthodologie raffin de responsabilisation des paysannes en organisations reprsentatives et dynamiques, comportant la mise en place des structures des paysans testeurs et des paysans vulgarisateurs , les communauts impliques ont achev un taux dadoption lev de plusieurs innovations techniques associes. Celles-ci ont eu un impact significatif de rduction de la faim. Dans lexprience pratique de Voisins Mondiaux, lautosuffisance alimentaire ncessite lorganisation des producteurs afin de leur permettre de matriser la problmatique de la production, de la planification et de lutilisation des produits dune recherche agronomique adapte et dynamique. Il est indispensable que cette recherche soit la plus proche possible des producteurs voire une parfaite implication de ceux-ci dans le processus de la recherche de faon leur permettre de valoriser les potentiels existants. Cette collaboration devra aller dans les deux sens afin de permettre aux producteurs chercheurs daccder aux exprimentations et aux chercheurs dappuyer les producteurs sur le terrain dans le dveloppement de leurs initiatives de recherche. Ce document illustre les leons dassurer une meilleure collaboration entre chercheurs et producteurs par le renforcement des comptences des producteurs (ceux dveloppant des initiatives) en matire de recherche et de auto-vulgarisation des innovations de production cralire mil et sorgho afin dassurer lauto-suffisance alimentaire.
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Atelier de Consultation sur les systmes mil/sorgho en Afrique de lOuest Consultation workshop on millet- and sorghum- based systems in West Africa
McKnight-ICRISAT-INRAN Niamey, Niger 27-30 janvier 2004
Strengthening peasant organizations' capacities as key elements of ensuring food security in the Sahel C. Tankoano1 and P. Gubbels2 1 World Neighbors, Burkina Faso, 2World Neighbors, USA Abstract One of the priorities of the populations of Gnagna, an arid province of North East of Burkina Faso with an annual rainfall between 350 and 650 mm, remains the food self-sufficiency. The population practices agriculture, primarily based on millet and sorghum production. In order to reduce the rate of households suffering from hunger (55 to 70%) during the period of shortage, World Neighbors carried out an intervention to strengthen the abilities of the peasants organizations in order to conduct a community based experimentation and vulgarization program. Using a refined methodology of peasant women empowerment in representative and dynamic organizations, including the setting up of "peasant testers" and the "peasant vulgarizers" structures, involved communities completed a high rate of adoption of several associated technical innovations. Those had a significant impact in the reduction of hunger. From the practical experience of World Neighbors, food self-sufficiency requires the organization of the producers in order to enable them to control the production problems, the planning and the use of an adapted and dynamic agronomic researchs products. It is essential that this research be the closest possible to producers, even a perfect implication of these in the research process, in order to enable them to valorize the existing potentials. This collaboration will have to go in two directions in order to allow the researcher producers to reach the experiments and the researchers to support the producers on the ground in the development of their research initiatives. This document illustrates the lessons to ensure a better collaboration between researchers and producers by the reinforcement of producer competences (those developing the initiatives) in terms of research and "auto-vulgarization" of millet and sorghum cereal production innovations in order to ensure food self-sufficiency.
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Atelier de Consultation sur les systmes mil/sorgho en Afrique de lOuest Consultation workshop on millet- and sorghum- based systems in West Africa
McKnight-ICRISAT-INRAN Niamey, Niger 27-30 janvier 2004
La competitivit du sorgho et mil dans les systmes alimentaires craliers dans les tropiques semi arides de lAfrique de lOuest J. Ndjeunga1, L. Diakite2, A. Kergna2 et B. Gerard1 1 ICRISAT, BP 12404 Niamey, Niger, 2Institut dEconomie Rurale, BP Bamako, Mali Rsum Relativement aux autres cultures cralires, le sorgho (Sorghum bicolor) et le mil perl (Pennisetum glaucum) sont encore les cultures les plus importantes dans les systmes de production comptant pour environ 60% de la production des crales. Durant les 20 dernires annes, les parts des surfaces cralires cultives pour les deux grosses graines et de la production crlire ont un peu dimuni. Le sorgho et le mil perl sont en train dtre lentement remplac par le mais (Zea mays), riz (Oryza sativa) et le bl dans la nourriture moyenne, spcialement dans les milieux urbains. Cette tendance a pouss certains exprimer un pessimisme quant labilit du sorgho et du mil perl contribuer au soulagement de la pauvrt dans le moyen et long terme. Cpendant, depuis 1984 la surface totale de crale plante, et la production du sorgho et du mil perl sont en train daugmenter dans plusieurs pays Ouest Africains. Et il ya lmergence dune industrie de petite chelle de traitement daliments grosses graines dans le WASAT. Il ya donc un besoin de reconsiderer les conclusions pessimistes qui ont t exprime propos du future du sorgho et du mil perl. Les vues ngatives du sorgho et du mil perl sont bases sur une croissance ngative de la productivit et une commercialization limite des grains de sorgho et du mil perl et des produits traits. La lgre dviation du sorgho et du mil perl rsulte la fois des contraintes dapprovisionnement et de la dmande. Les contraintes de la dmande comprennent la connaissance limite des caractristiques physiques et chimiques de la varit pour les produits spcifiques, et la differentiation limite du produit. Les contraintes dapprovisionnement comprennent le bnfice rlatif des technologies augmentant le rendement et la variabilit du prix des produits, les cots levs du traitement, et lapprovisionnement inconsistent des graines. Ce papier prsente les conditions ncessaires pour le dveloppement dune industrie de traitement des grosses graines dans les tropiques semi-arides de lAfrique; et met laccent sur les thmes de recherche importants qui ont besoin dtre explors. Ladoption des technologies daugmentation dapprovisionnement et de la dmande dans un environnement de march coordonn constitut lensemble des conditions ncessaires pour le dveloppement dune industrie grosse graine dans le WASAT.
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Atelier de Consultation sur les systmes mil/sorgho en Afrique de lOuest Consultation workshop on millet- and sorghum- based systems in West Africa
McKnight-ICRISAT-INRAN Niamey, Niger 27-30 janvier 2004
The competitiveness of sorghum and millet in the cereal food systems in the semi-arid tropics of West Africa J. Ndjeunga1, L. Diakite2, A. Kergna2 and B. Gerard1 1 ICRISAT, BP 12404 Niamey, Niger, 2Institut dEconomie Rurale, BP Bamako, Mali Abstract Relative to other cereal crops, sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) are still the most important crops in the production systems accounting for about 60% of the total cereal grain production. During the past twenty years, the shares of total cereal area cultivated to the two coarse grains and of cereal production have slightly decreased. Sorghum and pearl millet are being slowly replaced by maize (Zea mays), rice (Oryza sativa) and wheat in the average diet; especially in urban areas. This trend has led some to express pessimism about the ability of sorghum and pearl millet to contribute to poverty alleviation in the medium- or long-term. However, since 1984 the total cereal area planted, and production of sorghum and pearl millet are been increasing in most West African countries. And there is slow emerging small-scale coarse grain food processing industry in the WASAT. There is therefore a need to reconsider the pessimistic conclusions that have been expressed about the future of sorghum and pearl millet. Negative views of sorghum and pearl millet are based on negative growth on productivity and limited commercialization of sorghum and pearl millet grains and processed products. The slight shift away from sorghum and pearl millet is the result of both supply and demand constraints. Demand constraints include the limited knowledge of variety physical and chemical characteristics for specific products, and limited product differentiation. Supply constraints include the relative profitability of yield enhancing technologies and product price variability, high processing costs, and inconsistent supply of grains. This paper presents the necessary conditions for the growth of a coarse grain processing industry in the semi-arid tropics of Africa; and highlights the significant research themes that need to be explored. The adoption of supply and demand enhancing technologies in a coordinated market environment constitute the bulk of necessary conditions for the growth of a coarse grain industry in the WASAT.
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Atelier de Consultation sur les systmes mil/sorgho en Afrique de lOuest Consultation workshop on millet- and sorghum- based systems in West Africa
McKnight-ICRISAT-INRAN Niamey, Niger 27-30 janvier 2004
Une exprience russie en matire de scurit alimentaire dans la localit de Diola : le cas de lUnion locale des producteurs de crales M. Haidara Afrique Verte, Mali Rsum Cette note prsente lexprience de lULPC (Union Locale des Producteurs de Crales) de Diola en matire de scurit alimentaire. La note est structure en 8 parties. - Le cadre global de lintervention de lONG Afrique Verte au Sahel. - Le contexte dintervention dAfrique Verte dans la prfecture de Diola - Une brve prsentation de la prfecture de Diola. - Les stratgies et approches utilises. - Les bnficiaires du programme. - Les objectifs du programme. - Les principaux rsultats obtenus. - Les partenaires A successful experience with respect to food security in Diola : The case of the local union of cereals producers M. Haidara Afrique Verte, Mali Abstract This paper presents Dioila ULPCs (Local Union of Cereals Producers) experience in food security. The paper is structured in 8 parts: - The global frame of Afrique Vertes intervention in the Sahel. - The intervention context in the Dioila area - A brief presentation of Dioila - Strategies and approaches used - Program beneficiaries - Objectives of the program - Main results gained - Partners
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Atelier de Consultation sur les systmes mil/sorgho en Afrique de lOuest Consultation workshop on millet- and sorghum- based systems in West Africa
McKnight-ICRISAT-INRAN Niamey, Niger 27-30 janvier 2004
Management intgr du Striga (ISM) en Afrique de lEst C. Grenier, A. Deressa, Z. Gutema, G. Gebeyehu, H. Shewayrga, M. Mekuria, A.Belay, T. Tadesse, N. Mengistu, O. Oumer, A. Adugna, B. Tsegaw et G. Ejeta Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization and Purdue University Rsum Le Striga (Striga spp.) constitue une contrainte majeure la production des crales en Afrique. Les pertes cralires des au Striga ont t svre et significantive. La recherche dans le pass a abouti des technologies prometteuses comprenant des cultivars adapts rsistants au Striga et des mthodes de culture amliores, aussi bien qune potentielle utilisation des intrants chimiques. Chacune de ces msures de contrle pourrait apporter une libration significative des agriculteurs subsistants confronts linfestation svre par le Striga. Cependant, un meilleur contrle du Striga peut tre achev par la combinaison de deux ou plusieurs de ces approches individuelles de faon synergique. Mais, trs peu dtudes ont t mnes pour valuer les bnfices dune intgration multiple des options de contrle du Striga. Rcemment, nous avons mnes des exprimentations sur terrain en Afrique de lEst pour dmontrer limpact dune gestion integre du Striga (ISM) en utilisant des cultivars de sorgho rsistants au Striga, des engrais de nitrogne, et des bordures serres comme msure de conservation de leau. Ce projet pilote a commenc en Ethiopie et a t tendu en ce moment lErythre et la Tanzanie. Le programmet met laccent sur lamlioration du bnfice agronomique du paquet ISM, dans la promotion dun programme fonctionnel de production de semence travers les organisations des paysans, et pour augmenter la probabilit que les paysans investissent dans la technologie ISM. En Ethiopie pendant les deux dernires saisons agricoles, prs de 3000 demi hectares despace de dmonstration ont t plant avec le paquet ISM avec dexcellents rsultats. Des collaborateurs venant des programmes de recherche nationaux et rgionaux, bureaux rgionaux dagriculture et des organisations paysannes taient impliqus activement. Une formation a t offerte aux participants pour pomouvoir une meilleure comprhension de la biologie du Striga, les msures de contrle, et une amlioration des pratiques de gestion des cultures en plus des donnes de lISM collectes durant les deux annes ont montr une rduction drastique de linfestation par le Striga et souvent une augmentation de 10 fois plus dans le rendement du sorgho lorsque la technologie ISM tait applique. Dans les cas les plus svres, seulement les cultivars de sorgho rsistants au Striga combins une pratique agronomique amliore ont donn un rendement de grain msurable pendant que les pratiques locales appliques aux cultivars locaux succeptibles ont souvent rsult en un chec total des cultures. Encourag par les rsultats de ces expriences, le gouvernement de lEthiopie a rcemment proclam lutilisation lchelle nationale de lISM dans toutes les rgions ou le Striga est endmique dans le pays. Sur 195 agriculteurs qui ont particip la production des semences travers le projet pilote, 31% ont produit des semences qui rpondent aux normes de qualit et ont t revendues au projet pilote et aux ONGs pour une large distribution. Un effort plus organis et sponsoris est souhait pour promouvoir la durabilit du programme au plan national et augmenter le profit du paquet ISM pour les agriculteurs participants.
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Atelier de Consultation sur les systmes mil/sorgho en Afrique de lOuest Consultation workshop on millet- and sorghum- based systems in West Africa
McKnight-ICRISAT-INRAN Niamey, Niger 27-30 janvier 2004
Integrated Striga management (ISM) in East Africa C. Grenier, A. Deressa, Z. Gutema, G. Gebeyehu, H. Shewayrga, M. Mekuria, A.Belay, T. Tadesse, N. Mengistu, O. Oumer, A. Adugna, B. Tsegaw and G. Ejeta Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization and Purdue University Abstract The parasitic weed Striga (Striga spp.) is an important constraint to crop production in Africa. Crop losses due to Striga have been severe and significant. Past research into the control of Striga has resulted in promising technologies including adapted Striga resistant crop cultivars, improved tillage and cultural practices, as well as the potential use of chemical inputs. Each of these control measures may provide significant relief to subsistence farmers confronted by severe Striga infestation. However, a more enhanced control of Striga can be achieved by combining two or more of these individual approaches synergistically. Yet, there have been limited research undertaken to evaluate the benefits of integrating multiple control options against Striga. Recently, we have established onfarm experiments in Eastern Africa to demonstrate the impact of integrated Striga management (ISM) using Striga resistant sorghum cultivars, nitrogen fertilizers, and tied-ridges as a water conservation measure. This Pilot Project started in Ethiopia and has now been extended to Eritrea and Tanzania. The program is focused on increasing the agronomic benefit of the ISM package, in promoting a functional seed production program through farmer organizations, and to enhancing the profitability of farmers investments in the ISM technology. In Ethiopia during the last two crop seasons, nearly 3000 one-half hectare demonstration plots have been planted to the ISM package with excellent results. Collaborators from national and regional research programs, regional Bureaus of Agriculture, and farm organizations were actively involved. Training was provided to participants promoting better understanding of Striga biology, control measures, and improved crop management practices including ISM Data collected over the two years showed drastic reduction in Striga infestation and often a ten-fold increase in sorghum yield when the ISM technology was applied. In the most severe cases, only the Striga resistant sorghum cultivar combined with improved agronomic practice gave measurable grain yield while local practices applied on to susceptible landraces often resulted in total crop failure. Encouraged by the results of these experiences, the government of Ethiopia recently proclaimed the nation-wide use of ISM in all Striga endemic areas of the country. Of 195 farmers who have taken up seed production through the pilot project, 31% successfully produced seed which met the quality standards and was sold back to the Pilot Project and to NGOs for wide distribution. A more organized and sponsored effort is needed to promote sustainability of the program nationally and to enhance profitability of the ISM package to participating farmers.
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Atelier de Consultation sur les systmes mil/sorgho en Afrique de lOuest Consultation workshop on millet- and sorghum- based systems in West Africa
McKnight-ICRISAT-INRAN Niamey, Niger 27-30 janvier 2004
Genetics of Striga resistance in sorghum and pearl millet B.I.G. Haussmanna and D. Hessb a Universit de Hohenheim, Institut pour la slection des plantes, la Science des graines, et la gntique des populations, 70593 Stuttgart, Allmagne. E-mail : [e-mail] b Service d'agronomie,Universit de Purdue, West Lafayette, IN 47907, Etats-Unis Abstract Field resistance to Striga is expressed as reduced emerged Striga number. Understanding the genetics of resistance is essential for developing efficient resistance breeding strategies. Dominant resistance to Striga asiatica was reported in an Indian pearl millet, and partial quantitative resistance to S. hermonthica has been described in wild millet relatives in Africa. Other less susceptible pearl millets have been reported, but each is characterized by considerable within-cultivar variability. More research is needed here. Contrastingly, several resistance mechanisms have been described in sorghum. Low stimulation of S. hermonthica seed germination is due to one recessive major gene and modifying minor genes. Low S. asiatica haustorial formation in Sorghum drummondii accession P-78 is attributed to a single dominant gene. Hypersensitivity to S. asiatica infection is variable in cultivars Framida, Dobbs and wild accession P47121, pointing to different sets of alleles, or genes, involved in this response. Diallel analyses indicated quantitative variation with preponderance of additive effects for emerged S. hermonthica number in African fields. Using efficient testing techniques and comprehensive resistance indices, moderate to high heritabilities are achievable for Striga field resistance in sorghum. Significant heterosis for sorghum grain yield under Striga infestation suggests the use of heterozygous cultivars in Striga-infested areas. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis in two sorghum mapping populations revealed five QTL per population that were stably expressed across ten site/season combinations and independent genotype sets, offering good prospects for marker-assisted selection. Introgression of resistance alleles into farmer-preferred cultivars is a promising approach to Striga resistance breeding in sorghum. Highly significant genotype environment (GE) interaction variances render multilocational trials essential to identify cultivars with stable resistance. High genetic variability of the parasite contributes to GE interactions. Adequate understanding of virulence variation among Striga populations is required to guide the effective deployment of Striga-resistant cereal cultivars in Sub-Saharan Africa.
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Atelier de Consultation sur les systmes mil/sorgho en Afrique de lOuest Consultation workshop on millet- and sorghum- based systems in West Africa
McKnight-ICRISAT-INRAN Niamey, Niger 27-30 janvier 2004
Amelioration genetique de la resistance au Striga chez le sorgho A. Toure1, B. Dembele2, M. Kayentao2 et G. Ejeta3 1 Selectionneur Sorgho, Chef Programme Sorgho, IER, Sotuba, Mali, 2Malherbologiste, Spcialiste Striga, IER, Mali, 3Selectionneur Sorgho et Spcialiste Striga, Purdue University, USA Rsum Le Striga est une herbe parasite native des zones tropicales du Vieux Monde atteignant sa plus grande diversit en Afrique sub-saharienne. Il cause des dgts normes aux principales cultures alimentaires dans beaucoup de pays en Afrique et en Inde. Il est particulirement svre sur les cultures comme le sorgho, le mil, le mais et le nib. Les pertes de rendement dues au Striga sont estimes 10 -70% en fonction des cultures et du degr dinfestation. En Afrique les pertes annuelles en rendement sont estimes 40%. Une des approches la plus praticable pour les milliers de paysans avec des ressources limites, est le dveloppement de varits adaptes avec un niveau relativement amlior de rsistance au Striga. La rsistance au Striga chez le sorgho rsulte dune ou des combinaisons des diffrents mcanismes qui affectent le dveloppement du parasite. Il existe une variabilit gntique pour la rsistance au Striga dans le germplasm du sorgho, faisant de la rsistance varitale un moyen de lutte efficace et moins coteux contre le parasite. Les mthodes conventionnelles de slection pour la rsistance au Striga ont t surtout axes sur lvaluation du germplasm dans les parcelles infestes de Striga. Cependant, la slection phnotypique pour la rsistance au Striga dans les conditions de champs est lente et souvent inefficace. A cause de la complexit du problme du Striga, la slection pour la rsistance doit tre base sur la comprhension de la biologie du Striga et des interactions avec son hte. La caractrisation du germplasm pour des sources de rsistance, la mise au point de techniques de criblage et une stratgie approprie de slection pour le rendement et les autres traits dimportance pour le paysan sont les bases essentielles pour lamlioration gntique de la rsistance au Striga. La combinaison de mthodes conventionnelles et non conventionnelles comme la biotechnologie savre indispensable pour le dveloppement dune rsistance durable de varits de sorgho au Striga.
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Atelier de Consultation sur les systmes mil/sorgho en Afrique de lOuest Consultation workshop on millet- and sorghum- based systems in West Africa
McKnight-ICRISAT-INRAN Niamey, Niger 27-30 janvier 2004
Genetic improvement of Striga resistance in sorghum A. Toure1, B. Dembele2, M. Kayentao2 and G. Ejeta3 1 Selectionneur Sorgho, Chef Programme Sorgho, IER, Sotuba, Mali, 2Malherbologiste, Spcialiste Striga, IER, Mali, 3Selectionneur Sorgho et Spcialiste Striga, Purdue University, USA Abstract The Striga is a native parasitic grass of the tropical zones of the Old World reaching its greater diversity in sub-Saharan Africa. It causes enormous damage to the principal food crops in several countries of Africa and India. It is particularly severe on the crops like sorghum, millet and maize. Losses of yields due to Striga are estimated at 10 -70% according to the crops and the degree of infestation. In Africa the annual losses in yields are estimated at 40%. One of the most practicable approaches for the thousands of peasants with limited resources, is the development of adapted varieties with a relatively improved level of resistance to Striga. Striga resistance in sorghum results from one or the combinations of the various mechanisms that affect the development of the parasite. There is a genetic variability for Striga resistance in the sorghum germplasm, making varietal resistance an effective and less expensive means to fight against the parasite. Conventional methods of selection for Striga resistance were especially centered on the germplasm evaluation in the infested pieces of Striga. However, the phenotypical selection for Striga resistance under field conditions is slow and often ineffective. Because of the complexity of the Striga problem, the selection for resistance should be based on understanding the biology and interactions of Striga with its host. The characterization of the germplasm for resistance sources, the development of sifting techniques and a suitable yield selection strategy and other features of importance for the peasant are the essential bases for the genetic improvement of resistance to Striga. The combination of conventional and non-conventional methods like biotechnology proves to be essential for the development of a long-lasting resistance of sorghum varieties to Striga.
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Atelier de Consultation sur les systmes mil/sorgho en Afrique de lOuest Consultation workshop on millet- and sorghum- based systems in West Africa
McKnight-ICRISAT-INRAN Niamey, Niger 27-30 janvier 2004
Introduction des gnes rsistants au Striga dans les cultivars locaux africains I. Kapran1, C. Grenier 2, et G. Ejeta 2 1 Institut National de Recherches Agronomiques du Niger (INRAN) B.P. 429 Niamey, Niger ; 2 Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA Rsum Le Striga (Striga Spp.) est une contrainte srieuse au sorgho [sorgho bicolore (L.) Moench] au Niger comme dans beaucoup de pays de l'Afrique sub-Saharienne. Des varits amliores de sorgho rsistantes au Striga ont t dveloppes et mise en circulation. Cependant, les cultivars prsents ne russissent pas comme les cultivars locaux dans certains environnements o les derniers sont exclusivement adapts. En plus les cultivars amliors rsistants au Striga ne sont pas souvent accepts en raison des problmes de dtrioration de la graine malgr leur potentiel lev de rendement. La ncessit d'incorporer des gnes rsistants au Striga au sein des cultivars locaux devient vidente. Certains de ces cultivars locaux ont t choisis par des fermiers cause de leur tolrance au Striga, en plus des nombreux attributs adaptatifs qu'ils possdent. Un projet de recherche collaborative sur le Striga a t initi par des scientifiques de plusieurs Systmes Agricoles Nationaux de Recherche Africains et leurs partenaires l'universit de Purdue aux Etats-Unis. L'objectif est dintroduire des gnes majeurs rsistants au Striga provenant des sources bien caractrises dans des cultivars locaux africains du sorgho slectionns. Deux populations de croisement ont t dveloppes en utilisant le cultivar local EL Mota du Niger en tant que parent rcurrent et les cultivars amliors SRN39 et Framida en tant que parents donneurs. Les deux populations taient values sur le terrain en 2002 et 2003 au Niger sous des conditions d'infestation svre de Striga au centre de recherche de Konni. Des donnes sur l'apparition du Striga, nombre de plante de Striga, la vigueur de Striga, aussi bien que la performance agronomique des lignes de sorgho et des contrles parentaux, ont t rassembles. Les rsultats prliminaires seront prsents. Ce travail a t soutenu par la Fondation Rockefeller et INTSORMIL.
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Atelier de Consultation sur les systmes mil/sorgho en Afrique de lOuest Consultation workshop on millet- and sorghum- based systems in West Africa
McKnight-ICRISAT-INRAN Niamey, Niger 27-30 janvier 2004
Introgression of Genes for Striga Resistance into African Landraces of Sorghum I. Kapran1, C. Grenier 2, and G. Ejeta 2 1 Institut National de Recherches Agronomiques du Niger (INRAN) B.P. 429 Niamey, Niger ; 2 Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA Abstract Striga (Striga Spp.) is a serious constraint of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] in Niger as in many countries of sub-Saharan Africa. Improved varieties of sorghum with resistance to Striga have been developed and released. However, introduced cultivars do not perform as well as landraces in some environments where the latter are uniquely adapted. In addition improved Striga resistant cultivars are often not accepted because of problems of grain deterioration despite their high yield potential. The need to incorporate Striga resistance genes into favored local landrace cultivars becomes apparent. Some of these landraces have been selected by farmers for their tolerance to Striga, in addition to the many adaptive attributes that they possess. A collaborative Striga research project was initiated by scientists from several African National Agricultural Research Systems and their counterparts at Purdue University in the USA. The objective is to introgress major genes for Striga resistance from well-characterized sources into selected African landraces of sorghum. Two backcross populations were developed using local cultivar El Mota from Niger as recurrent parent and improved cultivars SRN39 and Framida as donor parents. The two populations were field evaluated in 2002 and 2003 in Niger under severe Striga infestation at the Konni research station. Data on Striga emergence, number of Striga plant, and Striga vigor, as well as agronomic performance of sorghum lines and parental checks, were collected. Preliminary results will be presented. This work was supported by the Rockefeller Foundation and INTSORMIL.
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Atelier de Consultation sur les systmes mil/sorgho en Afrique de lOuest Consultation workshop on millet- and sorghum- based systems in West Africa
McKnight-ICRISAT-INRAN Niamey, Niger 27-30 janvier 2004
Augmenter la productivit sur les sols pauvres en Phosphore, multiplication points saillants de la recherche sur la gestion integre de la fertilit du sol dans le Sahel A. Bationo1, J. Ramisch1, B. Bado2, J. Kihara1, A.Adamou3, J. Kimetu1, R. Tabo3, F. Lompo4, B. Ouattara4 et S. Koala3 1 Institut Tropical pour la Biologie et la Fertilit du Sol du CIAT, BP 30677 Nairobi, Kenya, 2 Institut de l'Environnement et de Recherche Agricole (INERA), Programme GRN/SP-Ouest Station de Recherche Agronomique de Farak-Ba, P.O. Box 910, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso 3 ICRISAT Niamey, BP 12404, Niamey, NIGER, 4 INERA 01 BP 476 Ouagadougou 01, BURKINA FASO Rsum La fertilit du sol est le facteur le plus limitant pour la production cralire dans la zone sahelienne de l'Afrique de lOuest. La rgion abrite les personnes les plus pauvres du monde avec la majorit gagnant leur vie partir de l'agriculture de subsistance. La production per capita de nourriture a diminu significativement pendant les dernires trois dcennies. La pression croissante de la population a d'autre part diminu la disponibilit des terres arables et il n'est plus possible dutiliser des priodes prolonges de jachre pour restorer la fertilit du sol. Par consquent, il y a un besoin urgent de restorer/maintenir la fertilit du sol afin d'augmenter la production agricole dans cette rgion et amliorer la vie des fermiers. Dans un pass rcent, les scientifiques ont valu le potentiel de diffrentes technologies pour resoudre le problme de fertilit du sol dans le Sahel en tant qu'approches pour augmenter la production alimentaire. Les rsultats de la recherche ont report que les rendements peuvent tre augments trois cinq fois plus avec l'amlioration de la fertilit du sol avec des engrais organiques et inorganiques. Les combinaisons amliorent galement un ensemble des proprits des sols telles que leur contenu organique en carbone, la capacit d'change cationique (CCE) et le pH. La contrainte principale la combinaison inorganique-organique reside dans les cots levs d'engrais inorganiques et dans la faible disponibilit des engrais organiques au niveau de la ferme. La rotation des crales et les systmes intercraliers sont particulirement importants dans l'amlioration de rendement par rapport aux pratiques continues. Les systmes de rotation augmentent l'azote driv du sol et l'efficacit d'utilisation des engrais. De mme, les mthodes d'application des sources organiques et inorganiques d'engrais augmentent l'efficacit d'utilisation. Par exemple, le placement sur colline des engrais inorganiques et de fumier est suprieur l'annonce. Un autre potentiel est lutilisation de phosphate naturel localement disponible, qui pourrait tre une alternative l'utilisation des engrais de P imports dont le cot est lev. Puisque P est le facteur limitant le plus important sur la plupart des sols saheliens, sa correction non seulement amliorent les rendements mais galement l'efficacit de N et l'utilisation de leau.
1
Auteur correspondant : Tl. : [phone] ; Fax : [phone] Email : [e-mail] (Bationo A)
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Atelier de Consultation sur les systmes mil/sorgho en Afrique de lOuest Consultation workshop on millet- and sorghum- based systems in West Africa
McKnight-ICRISAT-INRAN Niamey, Niger 27-30 janvier 2004
Un goulot d'tranglement l'utilisation de ces avantageuses technologies damlioration de la fertilit du sol qui ont fait lobjet des recherches est la faible capacit de fermiers d'investir dans ces technologies. Afin de permettre ces technologies datteindre des millions de fermiers, une nouvelle mthode de gestion intgre de la fertilit du sol (ISFM) a t adopt et intgre des facteurs biologiques, physiques, chimiques, sociaux, conomiques et politiques. Les futurs dfis de recherches comprennent la combinaison des stratgies de gestion d'eau de pluie et de nutriments pour augmenter la production cralire et pour empcher la dgradation de terre, augmenter la composante lgumineuse pour une meilleure intgration des systmes de production de rcolte-btail, exploiter la variation gntique pour l'utilisation efficace des nutriments et l'intgration de la recherche socio-conomique et politique avec les solutions techniques. Une autre question trs importante pour la recherche est comment augmenter la disponibilit de biomasse des rcoltes au niveau de la ferme pour allger la contrainte de la nondisponibilit des amendements organiques. L'utilisation des systmes interactifs d'aide la dcision, de modelage, et du GIS est importante afin d'extrapoler les rsultats des recherches d'autres secteurs dans lesquels les technologies russies peuvent tre tendues large chelle pour atteindre plusieurs fermiers.
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Atelier de Consultation sur les systmes mil/sorgho en Afrique de lOuest Consultation workshop on millet- and sorghum- based systems in West Africa
McKnight-ICRISAT-INRAN Niamey, Niger 27-30 janvier 2004
Research highlights on integrated soil fertility management in the Sahel A. Bationo2, J. Ramisch1, B. Bado2, J. Kihara1, A.Adamou3, J. Kimetu1, R. Tabo3, F. Lompo4, B. Ouattara4 and S. Koala3 1 Institut Tropical pour la Biologie et la Fertilit du Sol du CIAT, BP 30677 Nairobi, Kenya, 2 Institut de l'Environnement et de Recherche Agricole (INERA), Programme GRN/SP-Ouest Station de Recherche Agronomique de Farak-Ba, P.O. Box 910, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso 3 ICRISAT Niamey, BP 12404, Niamey, NIGER, 4 INERA 01 BP 476 Ouagadougou 01, BURKINA FASO
Abstract Soil fertility is the most limiting factor for crop production in the Sahelian zone of West Africa. The region shelters the worlds poorest people with the majority gaining their livelihood from subsistence agriculture. Per capita food production has declined significantly over the past three decades. Increasing population pressure has on the other hand decreased the availability of arable land and it is no longer feasible to use extended fallow periods to restore soil fertility. Therefore, there is urgent need to restore/ maintain soil fertility in order to increase agricultural production in this region and improve the farmers livelihood. In the recent past, scientists have evaluated the potential of different technologies in addressing the soil fertility problem in the Sahel as approaches to increase food production. Research results have reported that yields can be increased three to five times with the improvement of soil fertility with organic and inorganic fertilizers. The combinations also improve an array of soil properties such as Organic carbon content, Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) and pH. The main constraint to combining inorganic-organic is the high costs of inorganic fertilizers and the low availability of organic fertilizers at the farm level. Crop rotation and intercropping systems are especially important in yield improvement as compared to continuous practices. Rotation systems increase nitrogen derived from the soil and fertilizer use efficiency. Similarly, methods of application of organic and inorganic fertilizer sources enhance use efficiency. For example, hill placement of inorganic fertilizers and manure is superior to broadcasting. Another potential is use of locally available phosphate rock, which could be an alternative to use of high cost imported P fertilizers. Since P is the most limiting factor on most sahelian soils, its correction not only improve yields but also the efficiency of N and water use. A bottleneck to the use of these profitable soil fertility-enhancing technologies that have been researched is the low capacity of farmers to invest in these technologies. In order to have these technologies to reach millions of farmers, a new integrated soil fertility management (ISFM) paradigm has been adopted which integrates biological, physical, chemical, social, economic and political factors.
2
Auteur correspondant : Tl. : [phone] ; Fax : [phone] : Email [e-mail] (Bationo A)
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Atelier de Consultation sur les systmes mil/sorgho en Afrique de lOuest Consultation workshop on millet- and sorghum- based systems in West Africa
McKnight-ICRISAT-INRAN Niamey, Niger 27-30 janvier 2004
Future research challenges include combining rainwater and nutrient management strategies to increase crop production and prevent land degradation, increasing the legume component for a better integration of crop-livestock production systems, exploiting the genetic variation for nutrient use efficiency and integration of socio-economic and policy research with the technical solutions. Another very important issue for research is how to increase crop biomass availability at farm level to alleviate the constraint of non-availability of organic amendments. Use of decision support systems, modeling, and GIS is important in order to extrapolate research findings to other areas in which the successful technologies can be expanded/ scaled out to reach several farmers.
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Atelier de Consultation sur les systmes mil/sorgho en Afrique de lOuest Consultation workshop on millet- and sorghum- based systems in West Africa
McKnight-ICRISAT-INRAN Niamey, Niger 27-30 janvier 2004
Degradation des terres en afrique de louest etat des lieux des technologies disponibles et perspectives regionales de recherches F. Lompo1, A. Bationo2, M. Ouattara3, S. Koala4
1
Institut de lEnvironnement et de Recherches Agricoles (INERA) 03 BP 7192, Ouagadogou
03, Burkina Faso, 2The tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Institute of CIAT P O Box 30 677 Nairobi, Kenya, 3OUA/CSTR, 01 BP 1783, Ouagadogou 01, Burkina Faso, 4 ICRISAT Centre Sahlien BP 12 404, Niamey, Niger Rsum Lagriculture dans la zone soudano-sahlienne de lAfrique au sud du Sahara (SSA) est caractrise par un systme de culture mixte plus ou moins adapt aux conditions agrocologiques difficiles : faible fertilit des sols, variabilit spatio-temporelle des pluies, ruissellement et rosion importants, parasitisme et maladies, etc. Pour faire face la demande croissante en crale dans cette partie de l'Afrique, dont la croissance relative de la population est value 80% entre 1995 et 2020, la source d'augmentation en crales pour la mme priode est estime 1,2% et 2,9% par accroissement respectivement de superficie et de rendement. Lintensification des systmes de production, travers entre autres des stratgies de gestion intgre de la fertilit des sols (utilisation efficience de leau et des lments nutritifs) semble tre une solution technique faisable. La communaut scientifique oeuvrant dans la rgion sahlienne de lAfrique de lOuest a dvelopp une gamme varie de technologies qui permettent de lutter contre la dgradation des terres. Il sagit principalement des technologies de conservation des eaux et des sols, damlioration des systmes de culture, dutilisation des engrais minraux et organiques, et de valorisation des ressources agro-minrales locales. Malgr la performance technique, de nombreuses contraintes aussi bien socio-conomiques quinstitutionnelles et politiques, limitent ladoption de ces technologies. La prsente communication passe en revue ces technologies et dgage des perspectives de recherche dans un cadre rgional. Mots cls : intensification, gestion intgre, fertilit des sols, systmes de culture, adoption de technologies.
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Atelier de Consultation sur les systmes mil/sorgho en Afrique de lOuest Consultation workshop on millet- and sorghum- based systems in West Africa
McKnight-ICRISAT-INRAN Niamey, Niger 27-30 janvier 2004
Degradation of soils in West Africa: inventory of available technologies and regional research perspectives F. Lompo1, A. Bationo2, M. Ouattara3, S. Koala4
1
Institut de lEnvironnement et de Recherches Agricoles (INERA) 03 BP 7192, Ouagadogou
03, Burkina Faso, 2The tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Institute of CIAT P O Box 30 677 Nairobi, Kenya, 3OUA/CSTR, 01 BP 1783, Ouagadogou 01, Burkina Faso, 4 ICRISAT Centre Sahlien BP 12 404, Niamey, Niger Abstract Agriculture in the soudano-sahelian zone of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is characterized by a mixed farming system more or less adapted to the difficult agroecologic conditions: weak fertility of soils, space-time variability of rains, important streaming and erosion, parasitism and diseases, etc. To meet the increasing demand for cereals in this part of Africa, of which the relative growth of the population is estimated at 80% between 1995 and 2020, the source of cereals increase for the same period is estimated at 1,2% and 2,9% per increase in surface and yields respectively. The production systems intensification, through among others integrated management strategies of soils fertility (efficient use of water and nutritive elements) seems to be a feasible technical solution. The scientific community working in the sahelian region of West Africa has developed a varied range of technologies that make it possible to fight against the degradation of soils. These are mainly technologies of water and soils conservation, crops improvement, use of mineral and organic manures, and local agro-mineral resources valorization. In spite of the technical performance, many socio-economic constraints as well as institutional and political, limit the adoption of these technologies. The present communication reviews these technologies and suggests research perspectives within a regional framework. Key words: intensification, integrated management, soils fertility, farming systems, adoption of technologies.
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Atelier de Consultation sur les systmes mil/sorgho en Afrique de lOuest Consultation workshop on millet- and sorghum- based systems in West Africa
McKnight-ICRISAT-INRAN Niamey, Niger 27-30 janvier 2004
Amliorer la productivit du systme base de crales travers l'intensification de lgumineuses S. Snapp Universit de l'Etat de Michigan Les lgumes ont des caractristiques uniques qui peuvent augmenter la productivit dans les systmes base de crales, y compris amliorer l'accs aux substances nutritives qui ne sont pas disponibles au sein des crales (par exemple, phosphore soluble et N2). D'autres contributions des lgumineuses incluent la rduction de parasites (par exemple, Striga) lis aux gnotypes qui ont des caractristiques biochimiques spcifiques, et l'amlioration physique de sol. Le sol tire bnfice de lenracinement profond et lnergie des rsidus est fortement variable, dpendant de la densit de plantation des lgumineuses et de l'habitude de croissance, au dessus et en dessous du sol. Les lgumineuses qui ont russi dans les environnements durs et semi-arides tendent avoir des systmes trs profonds denracinement, et il peut tre possible d'utiliser les investissements considrables sous terrain du nib (ou le pigeonpea, le mucuna ou le soja) pour amliorer la productivit de systme global. Cependant, mes expriences en Afrique australe prouvent que la promotion des cultivars amliors dpend du travail avec le cultivateur pour identifier des traits de surface dsirables. L'adoption du cultivateur dpend absolument de l'identification des gnotypes avec des bnfices court terme mais aussi long terme pour la productivit du systme entier. vec tous les avantages associs aux lgumineuses, l'nigme est que les lgumineuses sont cultives avec une faible densit par les petits cultivateurs africains, avec trs peu d'exemples de production intensifie de lgumineuse. L'adoption limite des lgumineuses intensifies est due aux dfis uniques : - bas potentiel de rendement (ngociation ncessaire pour les graines fortement nutritives avec haute valeur protique et contenu en huile, et les processus 'biologiquement chers 'de la fixation biologique de N et de la minralisation du P) - permet la croissance sur sol strile - Dpenses leves pour le travail et la graine sont frquemment exiges, car la gestion de lherbe sauvage peut tre difficile et relativement trs peu de graines larges sont produites par plante (le rapport de multiplication de lgumineuse est ainsi limit, exigeant plusieurs heures pour tablir les approvisionnements en graine et pour dissminer la graine amliore) - Amlioration insuffisante du germplasm de lgumineuse avec les dsirs traits de qualit et le manque de dure prcoce ou retarde du germplasm pour s'intgrer dans des niches de march et des systmes de culture diffrents. - Une attention limite choisir et dissminer des lgumineuses avec des proprits suprieures de service d'cosystme, par exemple, en augmentant l'accs aux nutriments, en rduisant les parasites et en amliorant la productivit des systmes. Comment promouvoir l'adoption de lgumineuse, pour amliorer la productivit des systmes base de crales? Une attention particulire est exige chaque lien de la chane de production et dutilisation des graines. Du ct de l'offre, la grande taille de la graine signifie quassurer la disponibilit rpandue de la graine est un lien critique qui doit tre proactivement adress. Du ct de la demande, l'accs aux marchs est aussi un dfi. Entre les deux, un ventail de gnotypes amliors a besoin dtre dvelopp et examin travers un partenariat entre des groupes reprsentatifs de dpositaires, par exemple, commerants, producteurs et -38-
Atelier de Consultation sur les systmes mil/sorgho en Afrique de lOuest Consultation workshop on millet- and sorghum- based systems in West Africa
McKnight-ICRISAT-INRAN Niamey, Niger 27-30 janvier 2004
consommateurs. Des proprits biologiques des gnotypes amliors devraient tre values en conjonction avec les marchs, le stockage et les des traits de qualit de
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Atelier de Consultation sur les systmes mil/sorgho en Afrique de lOuest Consultation workshop on millet- and sorghum- based systems in West Africa
McKnight-ICRISAT-INRAN Niamey, Niger 27-30 janvier 2004
Improving cereal-based system productivity through legume intensification S. Snapp Universit de l'Etat de Michigan Legumes have unique characteristics that can enhance productivity in cereal-based systems, including improving access to nutrient pools that are unavailable to cereals (e.g., sparingly soluble phosphorus and N2). Other legume contributions include pest reduction (e.g, Striga) associated with genotypes that have specific biochemical characteristics, and soil physical amelioration. Soil benefits from deep rooting and residue inputs is highly variable, depending on legume planting density and growth habit, above and below ground. Legumes that are successful in harsh, semiarid environments tend to have very deep taproot systems, and it may be possible to utilize the considerable belowground investments of cowpea (or pigeonpea, mucuna or soybean) to improve overall system productivity. However, my experiences in southern Africa show that promotion of improved cultivars depends on working with farmer to identify desirable above-ground traits. Farmer adoption is absolutely dependent on identifying genotypes with short-term as well as long-term benefits for whole system productivity. With all of benefits associated with legumes, the conundrum is that legumes are grown at a low density by African smallholder, with very few examples of intensified legume production. Limited adoption of intensified legumes is due to unique challenges: - low yield potential (necessary tradeoff for highly nutritious seeds with high protein and oil content, and the biologically expensive processes of biological N fixation and P mineralization allows growth in infertile soil) - high inputs for labor and seed are frequently required, as weed management can be difficult and relatively few, large seeds are produced per plant (thus the legume multiplication ratio is limited, requiring large amounts of time to build seed supplies and disseminate improved seed) - insufficient improved legume germplasm with desired quality traits and lack of early and lateduration germplasm to fit into different market and cropping system niches - limited attention to selecting and disseminating legumes with superior ecosystem service properties, e.g., enhancing access to nutrient pools, reducing pests and improving system productivity How can legume adoption be promoted, to improve cereal-based system productivity? Careful attention is required to every link in the seed-production-use chain. On the supply side, the large seed size means that ensuring widespread seed availability is a critical link that must be proactively addressed. On the demand side, access to markets is a challenge as well. In between, a wide range of improved genotypes need to be developed and tested through a partnership involving representative groups of smallholders and other stakeholders, e.g., traders, processors and consumers. Biological properties of improved genotypes should be evaluated in conjunction with market, storage and subsistence quality traits. A practical approach might be to develop a mother and baby trial program, or other participatory research and extension approach, to test a range of best bet legumes within the context of local cropping systems. For example, four cowpea cultivars that represent improved quality traits and encompass both indeterminate and determinant growth types, could be compared with novel grain legumes with potentially superior biological traits. Farmers and researchers should jointly choose the new legumes to test, which might include pigeon pea, soybean or Mucuna. All of the legumes should be evaluated within -40-
Atelier de Consultation sur les systmes mil/sorgho en Afrique de lOuest Consultation workshop on millet- and sorghum- based systems in West Africa
McKnight-ICRISAT-INRAN Niamey, Niger 27-30 janvier 2004
local cereal systems, including: farmer-chosen traits, productivity of the whole legume-cereal system, and a biological contribution assessment (e.g., residue N and P or cereal productivity after the legume). Through building on current legume-cereal systems, and paying attention to seed and market access when introducing new cultivars and novel genotypes, it should be possible to evaluate tradeoffs and what are the most promising niches for intensified legume production. Tradeoffs include modest biological benefits associated with genotypes that have large harvest index and are thus the highest grain yield potential legumes. Legumes with indeterminate growth habit that have high forage yield potential, or high leaf or green pod production for vegetable use, tend to grow for much longer time periods and biologically fix more nitrogen as well as access (e.g., increase availability) more phosphorus, compared to shorter duration genotypes. As biomass is removed for forage, grain or vegetable use there is less left for soilenhancement. Yet, the specifics of tradeoffs differ depending on the species, and research is urgently needed to understand these tradeoffs and identify species which provide above and belowground benefits. Identifying quality traits of leaf and grain are critically important to farmer and buyer acceptance of legumes, as well as understanding the complementary traits that allow a legume fits into a cropping system as an intercrop or a relay crop. Minimizing labor requirements must also be considered, through competitive legume genotypes or judicious integration of legumes with cereals or other cash crops. The importance of cereals to calorie-insufficient farmers, and the minimal investments that farmers are willing to target to legumes are the environment within which relevant legume research must be conducted. A range of market and system niches need to be evaluated, as legumes that have high cash value will have wider opportunities for intensification. For all of these reasons, a participatory whole systems (cereal-legumes and seedto-market) approach is crucial to the success of legume research and extension. Snapp, S.S. 2002. Quantifying farmer evaluation of technologies: The mother and baby trial design. pp.9-18. In: M.R. Bellon and J. Reeves (Eds.) Quantitative Analysis of Data from Participatory Methods in Plant Breeding CIMMYT, PRGA and IRRI, Mexico, DF. http://www.cimmyt.org/Research/Economics/map/research_tools/manual/ Quantitative/Contents.htm
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Atelier de Consultation sur les systmes mil/sorgho en Afrique de lOuest Consultation workshop on millet- and sorghum- based systems in West Africa
McKnight-ICRISAT-INRAN Niamey, Niger 27-30 janvier 2004
Perspectives des cultivateurs/paysans pour lamlioration du sorgho au Mali B. Sogoba Army Medical Department (AMEDD), Mali Rsum Lanc depuis lan 2002 au Mali et au Burkina Faso, le projet agro biodiversit du sorgho est un cadre adquat o peut saffirmer les options et attentes des cultivateurs/paysans de ces deux pays dans le cadre de la recherche pour la scurit alimentaire. Parler des perspectives damlioration du sorgho des paysans au Mali, revient chercher comprendre dabord comment les structures paysannes sont organises dans le pays et ensuite avoir une ide sur le dispositif mis en place pour lamlioration quantitative et qualitative du sorgho, enfin chercher comprendre le point de vue et la manire de voir des paysans et se demander comment ils sont intgrs au dispositifs. Pour ce faire le prsent expos sera articuler autour de trois parties: - ltat des lieux de la dynamique organisationnelle et sa prise en compte par le dispositif organisationnel du projet amlioration du sorgho - les acquis actuels dans le domaine. - Les dfis et les perspectives. Dans le souci de donner plus dinformation sur notre structure vous trouverez joint ce document une brve prsentation de lONG AMEDD et sa stratgie actuelle de diffusion des technologies. Farmers/peasants perspectives for the improvement of sorghum in Mali B. Sogoba Army Medical Department (AMEDD), Mali Launched since 2002 in Mali and Burkina Faso, the sorghum agro biodiversity project is an adequate framework where farmers/peasants of these two countries can affirm their options and wishes within the framework of food security research. Speaking about the peasants perspectives for the improvement of sorghum in Mali, leads to try to understand first how the peasants structures are organized in the country and then to have an idea on the system put in place for the quantitative and qualitative improvement of sorghum, finally to understand the peasants view point and way of seeing and to wonder how they are integrated into the systems. With this intention this talk will be organized around three parts: - The inventory of the organizational dynamic and its taking into account by the organizational system of the sorghum improvement project - Current successes in the field. - Challenges and perspectives. With the aim of giving more information about our structure you will find enclosed to this document a short presentation of the AMEDD NGO and its current strategy for technologies diffusion.
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Atelier de Consultation sur les systmes mil/sorgho en Afrique de lOuest Consultation workshop on millet- and sorghum- based systems in West Africa
McKnight-ICRISAT-INRAN Niamey, Niger 27-30 janvier 2004
Efforts prliminaires pour lamlioration varitale du sorgho avec les zgriculteurs dans le Nord-Est du Ghana C. Kudadjie1, I. Atokple2, S. Offei3, P. Struik4, P. Richards5 et P. Atengdem1 1 Department of Agricultural Extension, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana, 2Savanna Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 52, Tamale, Ghana, 3Department of Crop Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana, 4Department of Plant Sciences, Production and Weed Ecology, Wageningen University, Netherlands, 5Department of Social Sciences, Technology and Agrarian Development, Wageningen University, Netherlands Rsum Au Ghana la participation des agriculteurs dans le programme d'amlioration du sorgho a t faible et l'utilisation et l'adoption des varits du sorgho sont influences non seulement par des facteurs institutionnels mais galement par des problmes techniques avec les varits. Ceci est le cas avec quelques varits amliores prsentes aux fermiers par l'institut de recherche agricole SARI. Kapaala (ICSV 111 N), introduit il y a environ 6 ans est l'une de ces varits. Aprs son introduction, les slectionneurs qui ont commenc un programme d'hybridation pour rsoudre certains des problmes de cette varit ont identifi une ligne de multiplication prometteuse, Sarsorg M 16. Avec l'amlioration en cours l'tude a permis de faire participer les agriculteurs dans lvaluation de la ligne de multiplication afin d'obtenir leurs points de vue dans le processus et contribuer aux efforts de la recherche actuelle. Deux autres varits ainsi que la ligne de multiplication ont t values sur le terrain par 20 agriculteurs de deux communauts dans la zone de la savane du Ghana. Des entrevues individuelles, des discussions de groupe et visites de champ ont t utilises pour obtenir les points de vue des agriculteurs. Les rsultats montrent que les agriculteurs ne sont toujours pas satisfaits du produit en terme de rendement et de rsistance la maladie. Plus d'amlioration est ncessaire et un effort plus concert est exig de la part des slectionneurs et des agriculteurs pour satisfaire les aspirations des derniers. En conclusion, le succs du programme d'amlioration varitale est beaucoup dpendant non seulement des efforts des slectionneurs mais aussi sur ceux des agriculteurs.
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Atelier de Consultation sur les systmes mil/sorgho en Afrique de lOuest Consultation workshop on millet- and sorghum- based systems in West Africa
McKnight-ICRISAT-INRAN Niamey, Niger 27-30 janvier 2004
Preliminary efforts at sorghum varietal improvement with farmers in North-Eastern Ghana C. Kudadjie1, I. Atokple2, S. Offei3, P. Struik4, P. Richards5 and P. Atengdem1 1 Department of Agricultural Extension, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana, 2Savanna Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 52, Tamale, Ghana, 3Department of Crop Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana, 4Department of Plant Sciences, Production and Weed Ecology, Wageningen University, Netherlands, 5Department of Social Sciences, Technology and Agrarian Development, Wageningen University, Netherlands Abstract In Ghana the participation of farmers in the sorghum improvement programme has been low and the use and adoption of sorghum varieties is influenced not only by institutional factors but also by technical problems with the varieties. This is especially so with some improved varieties introduced to farmers by the Savanna Agricultural Research Institute. Kapaala (ICSV 111 N), introduced about 6 years ago is one of such varieties. Following its release breeders who started a hybridisation programme to address some of the problems of this variety have identified a promising breeding line, Sarsorg M 16 . With the improvement still underway the study set out to involve farmers in evaluating the breeding line in order to obtain their input into the process and shape current research efforts. Two other varieties together with the breeding line were evaluated on-farm by 20 farmers from two communities In the Sudan savanna zone of Ghana. Individual interviews, group discussions and field visits were used to obtain farmers views. The results show that farmers are still not satisfied with the product with regard to yield, lodging and disease resistance. Further improvement is needed and a more concerted effort is therefore required by both breeders and farmers to meet the latters expectations. It is concluded that the success of the variety improvement programme is very much contingent not only on the effort of breeders but that of farmers as well as other relevant stakeholders.
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Atelier de Consultation sur les systmes mil/sorgho en Afrique de lOuest Consultation workshop on millet- and sorghum- based systems in West Africa
McKnight-ICRISAT-INRAN Niamey, Niger 27-30 janvier 2004
Amlioration de la varit du mil en Afrique de lOuest: Leons apprises et perspectives G. Omanya, E. Weltzien-Rattunde, C. Gowda International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), B.P. 12404, Niamey, Niger; [e-mail]; ICRISAT, B.P. 320, Bamako, Mali; ICRISAT, Patancheru, 502324, India Rsum Le mil [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] est la crale traditionnelle de plus de 100 millions de personnes en Afrique de lOuest. Le mil est particulirement valoris pour son adaptation la fertilit faible du sol et la scheresse dans les zones cologiques sahliennes de l'Afrique de lOuest. Depuis 1984, la production du mil est en augmentation due une expansion de la zone dans les secteurs marginaux contribuant la dgradation environnementale svre. Les rendements du mil sont faibles par rapport aux normes globales, s'tendant de 300 1000 kg/ha, et diminuent de 1% par an (ICRISAT WCA Regional Planning document, 2002). Les bas rendements du mil peuvent tre attribus la faible pluviomtrie, faible fertilit du sol, variabilit des prix la production, faible adoption des varits amliores par des agriculteurs, pauvre fonctionnement des institutions pour livrer les semences et autres intrants et pauvre dveloppement des produits de march. Pendant les 25 dernires annes, le programme d'amlioration du mil par ICRISAT - Niamey et partenaires a dvelopp 21 varits amliores pollen ouvert qui chappent la scheresse de fin de saison, possdent une certaine rsistantes aux mineurs des pis, au mildiou et une uniformit (pas de types sauvages - Shibras). Les varits ont t dveloppes aprs des procdures de slection rcurrentes et de masse. Un total de neuf hybrides croiss suprieurs ont t galement produits. Ce papier tire les leons du travail pass sur l'amlioration de mil par lICRISAT en collaboration avec ses partenaires, l'enqute de reconnaissance conduite en 2001 au Burkina Faso, au Mali, au Niger et au Nigria, et le travail sur la slection participative de varit en 2002 et 2003 dans les trois derniers pays. Le papier met laccent sur les varits dveloppes, leur gntique, les partenaires impliqus dans leur dveloppement, les zones de culture, les traits/raisons cls pour leur succs/prfrences par les agriculteurs. Les perspectives pour des travaux futurs sur multiplication sont galement dcrites.
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Atelier de Consultation sur les systmes mil/sorgho en Afrique de lOuest Consultation workshop on millet- and sorghum- based systems in West Africa
McKnight-ICRISAT-INRAN Niamey, Niger 27-30 janvier 2004
Variety improvement of pearl millet in West Africa: lessons learnt and perspectives G. Omanya, E. Weltzien-Rattunde, C. Gowda International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), B.P. 12404, Niamey, Niger; [e-mail]; ICRISAT, B.P. 320, Bamako, Mali; ICRISAT, Patancheru, 502324, India Abstract Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] is the traditional staple of over 100 million people in West Africa. Pearl millet is particularly valued for its adaptation to poor soil fertility and drought spells in the Sahelian ecological zones of West Africa. Since 1984, production of pearl millet is increasing due to area expansion in the marginal areas contributing to severe environmental degradation. Pearl millet yields are low by global standards, ranging from 300 to 1000 kg/ha, and are decreasing by 1% per annum (ICRISAT WCA Regional Planning document, 2002). The low pearl millet yields can be attributed to low and erratic rainfall, low soil fertility, variable producer prices, low adoption of improved varieties by farmers, poorly functioning institutions to deliver seed and other inputs and poorly developed product markets. During the last 25 years, pearl millet improvement program by ICRISAT Niamey and partners has developed 21 improved open pollinated varieties which escape end of season drought, have some resistance to head miners, downy mildew and uniformity (no wild types - Shibras). The varieties were developed following mass and recurrent selection procedures. A total of nine top cross hybrids have also been produced. This paper draws lessons from past work on pearl millet improvement at ICRISAT in collaboration with partners, reconnaissance survey conducted in 2001 in Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger and Nigeria, and participatory variety selection work in 2002 and 2003 in the latter three countries. The paper highlights varieties developed, their genetic background, partners involved in their development, zones of cultivation, key traits/reasons for their success/preferences by farmers. Perspectives for future breeding work are also outlined.
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Atelier de Consultation sur les systmes mil/sorgho en Afrique de lOuest Consultation workshop on millet- and sorghum- based systems in West Africa
McKnight-ICRISAT-INRAN Niamey, Niger 27-30 janvier 2004
Multiplier le mil et le sorgho hybrides pour l'Afrique Centrale, lAfrique de lEst et lAfrique Australe S. Ipinge Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Rural Development, Private Bag, 13184-Windhoek, Namibia Rsum Le sorgho (Sorghum bicolor (L), Moench) et le mil (Pennisetum glaucum (L), R.Br) sont des composantes importantes des systmes de cultures traditionnelles et des rgimes alimentaires des millions de communauts rurales pauvres de l'Afrique centrale, orientale et australe. La sousrgion de l'Afrique centrale, orientale et australe a des zones cologiques fortement diverses parmi lesquelles des zones sches caractrises par des saisons des pluies courtes avec de basses prcipitations; des zones humides caractrises par de longues saisons des pluies avec des prcipitations adquates et des zones fraches de montagne caractrises par de basses tempratures pendant les saisons de culture (Mukuru, 1993). Dans la sous-rgion de lAfrique centrale, orientale et australe presque tous les NARS ont des programmes de recherche en cours avec des degrs variables de force sur le sorgho et le mil. En Afrique du Sud, Zambie et Zimbabw, des compagnies prives de semence ont des programmes forts de sorgho hybrides, mais aucune compagnie na ce jour montr un intrt quelconque pour les varits de mil pollen ouvert ou pour la production de mil hybride la mme chelle que le sorgho dans la sous-rgion. Cependant, l'importance du sorgho et du mil dans la nourriture de la population de l'Afrique centrale, orientale et australe a conduit les NARS et leurs partenaires au dveloppement s'engager constamment dans le dveloppement des varits amliores et des hybrides visant laugmentation de la productivit au niveau de la ferme. Lamlioration de la productivit du sorgho et du mil est essentielle la fois pour la scurit alimentaire au niveau national et au niveau du mnage.
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Atelier de Consultation sur les systmes mil/sorgho en Afrique de lOuest Consultation workshop on millet- and sorghum- based systems in West Africa
McKnight-ICRISAT-INRAN Niamey, Niger 27-30 janvier 2004
Breeding hybrid millet and sorghum for Central, Eastern and Southern Africa S. Ipinge Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Rural Development, Private Bag, 13184-Windhoek, Namibia Abstract Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L), Moench ) and Pearl millet ( Pennisetum glaucum (L), R.Br) are important components in the traditional farming systems and in the diets of million of rural resource poor farming communities of Central, Eastern and Southern Africa. Central, Eastern and southern Africa sub- region contains highly diverse ecological zones among them dry and lowlands characterised by short rainy seasons with low and erratic rainfall; the wet and humid zones characterised by long rainy seasons with adequate rainfall and cool highland zones characterised by low temperatures during the growing seasons ( Mukuru, 1993) In the Central, Eastern and Southern African sub-region almost all NARS have active research programmes with varying degrees of strength on sorghum and pearl millet. In the Republic of South Africa ( RSA), Zambia and Zimbabwe private seed companies have strong sorghum hybrid programmes, besides that no company had shown any interest so far in pearl millet open pollinated varieties or hybrid production at the same scale as sorghum in the sub-region. However, the importance of sorghum and pearl millet in the food basket of the Central, Eastern and Southern Africa population has led to the NARS and their partners in development to constantly engage in developing improved varieties and hybrids aimed at increasing farm level productivity. Improvements in sorghum and pearl millet productivity are essential for both National and household food security.
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Atelier de Consultation sur les systmes mil/sorgho en Afrique de lOuest Consultation workshop on millet- and sorghum- based systems in West Africa
McKnight-ICRISAT-INRAN Niamey, Niger 27-30 janvier 2004
Systemes locaux dapprovisionnement des villages en semence dans les tropiques semiarides de l'afrique de louest : pratiques, contraintes et opportunites actuelles J. Ndjeunga1, R. Jones2, K. Amara3, D. Sogodogo4 and H. Zarafy5 1 Auteur Correspondant. Economiste de lAgriculture, ICRISAT, PO Box 12404, Niamey, Niger, 2 Leader Thme Global Seed Systems, ICRISAT-Nairobi, Kenya; 3 Scientiste Social; INERA, Bobo-Dioulasso-Burkina Faso; 4Chef de NRM, Cinzana-Bamako, Mali; 5 Economiste, INRANNiamey, Niger Rsum Pendant les 30 dernires annes les gouvernements et donateurs ont investi plus de 150 millions de dollars dans le dveloppement des varits, la multiplication de graine et les projets de distribution dans les tropiques semi-arides de l'Afrique de lOuest. Plus de 40 varits de sorgho et de millet ont t introduites mais leur assimilation reste modre. La multiplication de graine et les schmas de distribution approvisionnent de faon consistante moins d'un pour cent des besoins nationaux en semence, et par consquent les retours l'investissement dans la recherche et la multiplication de graine demeurent faibles. Les rsultats des enqutes rurales au niveau des mnages au Mali, au Niger et au Burkina Faso prouvent que des schmas informels dapprovisionnement des semences fonctionnent relativement bien avec la majorit de agriculteurs pouvant obtenir de faon consistante des semences de mil et de sorgho partir de leurs propres moissons, chez des voisins ou sur des marchs de village. Les systmes villageois de semence offrent un moyen peu cher et efficace pour livrer les semences aux agriculteurs, mais sont faiblement lis aux sources de nouveau germplasm comprenant le systme de recherche agricole limitant la capacit des agriculteurs exprimenter et assimiler des nouvelles varits. Durant les mauvaises saisons, les agriculteurs sujets linscurit des semences, sont parfois forcs de recourir lemploi des graines de qualit infrieure - varitale et physiologique - en raison des stocks limits en graine. court terme l'investissement dans le dveloppement des systmes de semences devrait viser lamlioration de la capacit des systmes villageois de semence acqurir et exprimenter avec le nouveau germplasm, et maintenir et distribuer des stocks de scurit de graine au cours des annes de scheresse. Dans le long terme il y aura un besoin de systmes orients vers la commercialisation de semence qui permettra des petits dpositaires dagriculteurs de rpondre une demande du march accentue par lurbanisation accrue et le dveloppement des marchs de nourriture verticalement intgrs dans lesquels les producteurs devront se conformer des catgories toujours plus sophistiques et des normes qui dpassent la simple qualit du produit, pour inclure la scurit, la gestion environnementale, et les droits de l'homme. L'investissement commercial dans l'approvisionnement des semences du mil et du sorgho se produira seulement si la productivit de ces crales peut tre augmente relativement celles d'autres crales notamment le mas et le riz, et les produits de marchs soutenus par des investissements en technologies de la transformation et des politiques favorables l'utilisation de ces crales. Il y a justification pour l'investissement public dans l'amlioration des crales et le traitement amlior, mais cet investissement devrait stimuler l'investissement du secteur priv travers des partenariats innovateurs secteurs public et priv particulirement dans le cadre de l'approvisionnement en de semence.
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Atelier de Consultation sur les systmes mil/sorgho en Afrique de lOuest Consultation workshop on millet- and sorghum- based systems in West Africa
McKnight-ICRISAT-INRAN Niamey, Niger 27-30 janvier 2004
Local village seed supply systems in the semi-arid tropics of West Africa: current practices, constraints and opportunities J. Ndjeunga1, R. Jones2, K. Amara3, D. Sogodogo4 and H. Zarafy5 1 Auteur Correspondant. Economiste de lAgriculture, ICRISAT, PO Box 12404, Niamey, Niger, 2 Leader Thme Global Seed Systems, ICRISAT-Nairobi, Kenya; 3 Scientiste Social; INERA, Bobo-Dioulasso-Burkina Faso; 4Chef de NRM, Cinzana-Bamako, Mali; 5 Economiste, INRANNiamey, Niger Abstract During the last 30 years governments and donors have invested more than 150 million dollars in variety development, seed multiplication and distribution projects in the semi-arid tropics of West Africa. More than 40 varieties of sorghum and millet have been released but their uptake remains moderate. Formal seed multiplication and distribution schemes consistently supply less than one percent of total national seed needs, and as a result returns to investment in research and seed multiplication remain low. Results from rural household surveys in Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso show that informal seed supply schemes work relatively well with the majority of farmers being able to consistently obtain millet and sorghum seed from their own harvests, from neighbors or village markets. Village seed systems offer a cheap and efficient way of delivering seed to farmers, but are poorly linked to sources of new germplasm including the agricultural research system limiting the ability of farmers to experiment with and assimilate new varieties. In poor seasons, seed insecure farmers are sometimes forced to resort to using seeds of inferior quality both varietal and physiological because of limited seed stocks. In the short-term investment in seed system development should target improvements in the capacity of village seed systems to acquire and experiment with new germplasm, and to maintain and distribute seed security stocks in drought years. In the long-term there will be a need for more commercially oriented seed systems that will allow smallholder farmers to respond to market demand driven by increased urbanization and the development of vertically integrated food markets in which producers will have to comply with ever more sophisticated grades and standards that go beyond simple product quality, to encompass safety, environmental management, and human rights. Commercial investment in millet and sorghum seed supply will only occur if the productivity of these crops can be increased relative to other cereals most notably maize and rice, and product markets are supported through investments in processing technologies and favorable policies that support the use of these cereals. There is justification for public investment in crop improvement and improved processing, but this investment should foster private-sector investment through innovative public-private sector partnerships especially in the area of seed supply.
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Atelier de Consultation sur les systmes mil/sorgho en Afrique de lOuest Consultation workshop on millet- and sorghum- based systems in West Africa
McKnight-ICRISAT-INRAN Niamey, Niger 27-30 janvier 2004
Fertilisation du sol et production de semence pour une scurit alimentaire M. Togo Association des Organisations Paysannes Professionnelles, Mali Rsum Depuis des annes 1996, lAOPP est entrain de mener des actions pour une scurit alimentaire. Cette scurit alimentaire passe forcement par la fertilisation des sols qui sont dgrads et lessivs par lutilisation des semences amliores qui sont produites au niveau de la recherche. Ces actions se sont menes par une phase de sensibilisation lutilisation de la semence amliore, la formation la fabrication de la fumure organique et par lamnagement des champs en courbe de niveau.
Soil fertilization and seed production for food security M. Togo Association des Organisations Paysannes Professionnelles, Mali Abstract Since 1996, AOP is taking actions to improve food security. This food security will only occur through fertilization of poor and washed soils by using improved seeds which are produced by research. These actions were carried out through a sensitizing phase for improved seed utilization, training in the manufacture of organic manure and by fields installation in level line.
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Atelier de Consultation sur les systmes mil/sorgho en Afrique de lOuest Consultation workshop on millet- and sorghum- based systems in West Africa
McKnight-ICRISAT-INRAN Niamey, Niger 27-30 janvier 2004
Contributions des foires/bons de graines comme stratgie de rtablissement de l'agriculture aprs-scheresse sous les systmes base mil/sorgho en Afrique de lOuest J. Sedgo3, L. Sow4, A. Gaye5, M. Gningue6 et T. Remington7 Le mil, sorgho, en plus des arachides constituent un des systmes base de crales le plus prdominant en Afrique de lOuest et en particulier dans la rgion du Sahel. En effet, le sorgho et le mil reprsentent au moins 90% de tout le secteur de terre cultive pour toutes les crales combines dans les tropiques Semi-Arides de l'Afrique de lOuest ou WASAT. Dans une certaine mesure, ceci dnote clairement le rle important jou par le mil et le sorgho dans l'alimentation au Sahel. Namoins, la production de ces crales ces dernires annes a t srieusement mine par des pratiques agricoles inadquates mais aussi par des conditions climatiques dfavorables, y compris en particulier un modle des scheresses rcurrentes. En ce qui concerne les conditions rcurrentes de scheresse, il vaut la peine de noter que de 1970 jusqu'ici, le WASAT et la rgion du Sahel en particulier a prouv au moins une scheresse principale tous les trois ans ou peu prs. De 1993 2003 par exemple, la rgion du Sahel a t soumise trois scheresses conscutives en 1994, 1997, et 2002, respectivement. Selon NOAA/FEWSNET, le dernier phnomne de scheresse observ en 2002 tait entre autres la plus mauvaise scheresse jamais produite en 50 ans dans le Sahel occidental. Malheureusement, le Sngal et la Gambie taient parmi les pays les plus touchs par cette scheresse dans le Sahel. En consquence, la plupart des productions agricoles comprenant les crales (mil; sorgho) et les cultures de rentes, telles que l'arachide en particulier ont littralement chou, avec le net impact de laisser des milliers de mnages vulnrables sans nourriture adquate et sans revenu pour satisfaire leurs besoins de base (nourriture, sant, ducation, abri, etc.). Une autre implication principale tait aussi que dans les secteurs ruraux la plupart des mnages affects n'auraient plus pratiquement aucune graine planter pendant la saison des semences suivante en 2003. la suite de cette situation alarmante, les gouvernements du Sngal et de la Gambie ont lanc en 2003 un appel pressant la communaut internationale afin de securiser une assistance approprie avant que les populations payent un lourd tribu la famine. En rponse, CRS avec un support financier d'OFDA (bureau pour l'assistance trangre et au dsastre) a promptement mobilis du personnel, partenaires, avec d'autres ressources et a mis en application des activits appropries sous forme de foires/bons de graines (galement connu sous le nom de SVF) dans les deux pays. Ainsi, grce cette intervention, la situation a t maitrise en lespace de quelques mois. En effet, la saison des semences 2003 a t pargne de devenir un dsastre et beaucoup de fermiers pouvaient en consquence planter leurs parcelles de terrain comme avant. 1 Conseiller Technique Rgional pour l'Agriculture, Bureau Rgional de l'Afrique de lOuest (WARO), Catholic Relief Services (CRS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso 2 Chef de Projet, Catholic Relief Services, Program Pays CRS, Dakar, Senegal
Conseiller Technique Rgional pour l'Agriculture, Bureau Rgional de l'Afrique de lOuest (WARO), Catholic Relief Services (CRS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso 4 Chef de Projet, Catholic Relief Services, Program Pays CRS, Dakar, Senegal 5 Chef de Projet, Catholic Relief Services, Program Pays CRS, Banjul, Gambie 6 Chef des Projets, Catholic Relief Services, Program Pays CRS, Dakar, Senegal 7 Directeur Rgional Adjoint et Conseiller d'Agriculture, Bureau Rgional de l'Afrique de l'Est (EARO), Catholic Relief Services, Nairobi, Kenya
3
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Atelier de Consultation sur les systmes mil/sorgho en Afrique de lOuest Consultation workshop on millet- and sorghum- based systems in West Africa
McKnight-ICRISAT-INRAN Niamey, Niger 27-30 janvier 2004
Le but de cet article est donc de prsenter le cadre de l'approche de SVF comme il a t mis en application mais aussi de discuter limpact/role que ceci a eu en stimulant un prompt rtablissement de l'agriculture dans les deux pays. Le papier discute aussi certaines des leons principales apprises et les perspectives pour un usage plus appropri de cet outil particulier de rtablissement d'agriculture au Sahel dans l'avenir.
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Atelier de Consultation sur les systmes mil/sorgho en Afrique de lOuest Consultation workshop on millet- and sorghum- based systems in West Africa
McKnight-ICRISAT-INRAN Niamey, Niger 27-30 janvier 2004
Contributions of seed fairs/vouchers as a post-drought agriculture recovery strategy under millet/sorghum based systems in West Africa J. Sedgo8, L. Sow9, A. Gaye10, M. Gningue11 and T. Remington12 Abstract Millet, sorghum, along with groundnut and cowpea crops constitutes one of the most predominant crop-based systems in West Africa and particularly in the Sahel region. Indeed, both sorghum and millet alone account for at least 90% of the total land area planted to all cereals combined in the West Africa Semi-Arid Tropics or WASAT. To some extent, this clearly denotes the important role being played by millet and sorghum crops as staple food in the Sahel. Nevertheless, the production of these crops in recent years has seriously been undermined by inadequate farming practices as well as adverse climatic conditions, including a pattern of recurrent droughts in particular. With regard to recurrent drought conditions, it is worth noting that from 1970 to date, the WASAT and the Sahel region in particular has experienced at least one major drought every three years or so. From 1993 to 2003 for instance, the Sahel region was subjected to three major consecutive droughts in 1994, 1997, and 2002, respectively. According to NOAA/FEWSNET, the latest drought phenomenon observed in 2002 was among other things the worst drought ever encountered in 50 years in the Western Sahel. Unfortunately, both Senegal and the Gamabia were among the most-hard hit countries by this drought in the Sahel. As a result, most agriculture productions including staple crops (millet; sorghum) and cash crops, such as groundnut in particular literally failed, with the net impact of leaving thousands of vulnerable households with neither adequate food nor income to address their basic needs (food, health, education, shelter, etc.). Another major implication too was that in rural areas most of the affected households would have practically no seed left for planting during the following growing season in 2003. In the wake of this alarming situation, both Governments in Senegal and the Gambia launched in 2003 a pressing appeal to the international community in order to secure appropriate assistance before famine has taken its heavy toll on the populations. In response, CRS with a support-grant from OFDA (Office for Foreign and Disaster Assistance) promptly mobilized staff, partners, along with other resources and implemented appropriate activities in the form of seed fairs/vouchers (also known as SVF) in both countries. Thus, thanks to this intervention, the situation within months was turned around for the better. Indeed, the 2003 growing season was spared from becoming a disaster and many farmers accordingly were able to plant their field plots as before. 1 Conseiller Technique Rgional pour l'Agriculture, Bureau Rgional de l'Afrique de lOuest (WARO), Catholic Relief Services (CRS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso 2 Chef de Projet, Catholic Relief Services, Program Pays CRS, Dakar, Senegal
Conseiller Technique Rgional pour l'Agriculture, Bureau Rgional de l'Afrique de lOuest (WARO), Catholic Relief Services (CRS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso 9 Chef de Projet, Catholic Relief Services, Program Pays CRS, Dakar, Senegal 10 Chef de Projet, Catholic Relief Services, Program Pays CRS, Banjul, Gambie 11 Chef des Projets, Catholic Relief Services, Program Pays CRS, Dakar, Senegal 12 Directeur Rgional Adjoint et Conseiller d'Agriculture, Bureau Rgional de l'Afrique de l'Est (EARO), Catholic Relief Services, Nairobi, Kenya
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Atelier de Consultation sur les systmes mil/sorgho en Afrique de lOuest Consultation workshop on millet- and sorghum- based systems in West Africa
McKnight-ICRISAT-INRAN Niamey, Niger 27-30 janvier 2004
The purpose of this paper therefore is to present the SVF framework approach as it was implemented as well as discuss what impact/role this has had in fostering a prompt agriculture recovery in both countries. The paper further discusses some of the key lessons learned as well as the perspectives for a more appropriate use of this particular agriculture recovery tool in future in the Sahel.
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Atelier de Consultation sur les systmes mil/sorgho en Afrique de lOuest Consultation workshop on millet- and sorghum- based systems in West Africa
McKnight-ICRISAT-INRAN Niamey, Niger 27-30 janvier 2004
Transplanter le sorgho et le mil: scurit alimentaire pour les personnes pauvres vivant dans les zones semi-arides et avec faible pluviomtrie. I. Atokple1, A. Abunyewa1, E. Young2, A. Mottram2, P. Terbobri1, C. Kasei1 1. Savanna Agricultural Research Institute, Tamale, Ghana. 2. Centre for Arid Zone Studies, University of Wales, Bangor, UK. Rsum Le sorgho et le mil sont les principales cultures des tropiques semi-arides, mais les rendements sont relativement faibles et instables cause de la faible pluviomtrie. Mauvaise scurit alimentaire, instabilit de rendement et risque dechecs des cultures sont des challenges pour beaucoup de paysans dans les zones semi-arides. Les dbuts de saison secs intermittents forcent les agriculteurs replanter. La replantation augmente le risque de mauvais rendements ou lchec total de rcoltes car la saison nest pas assez longue pour que la rcolte soit mature. Ce risque est augment par le fait que les agriculteurs gnralement ont des fonds limits, et mme si les fonds sont disponibles il peut y avoir des contraintes dans lapprovisionnement des semences. Une faon de maximiser les rendements est de faire correspondre la priode de croissante des cultures celle de la disponibilit de l'humidit. La croissance des ppinires du sorgho et du mil et la transplantation des jeunes plants dans le champ au dbut des pluies, en rduisant la priode de coissance au sein du champ fournit une di...