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Criminology - Exam 2 Study GuideSpr06
Course: S/CJ 213, Spring 2008School: Scranton
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Criminology Spring 2006 Dr. Roberts Exam 2 Study Guide Readings AML Book Chapters 5, 6, 7, 8, & 9 "The genius of death row" by P.J. Boyer "The old man and the gun" by D. Grann "The Humbolt murders" by J.G. Dunne Key Names & Terminology Chapter 5 Robert Merton "Strain Theory" o o Modes of...
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Criminology Spring 2006 Dr. Roberts Exam 2 Study Guide Readings AML Book Chapters 5, 6, 7, 8, & 9 "The genius of death row" by P.J. Boyer "The old man and the gun" by D. Grann "The Humbolt murders" by J.G. Dunne Key Names & Terminology Chapter 5 Robert Merton "Strain Theory" o o Modes of Adaptation Conformity Innovation Ritualism Retreatism Rebellion Steven Messner and Richard Rosenfeld "The American Dream" o o Dominance of economic institutions manifests itself in 3 ways Devaluation of noneconomic role and functions Accommodation of other institutions to economic needs Penetration of economic norms Robert Agnew "General Strain Theory" o o Strain producing events (3 types) 3 major cultural deviance theories: 1) social disorganization theory, 2) differential association theory, and 3) culture conflict theory. Social disorganization o o Robert Park and Ernest Burgess "concentric zones" in Chicago o o Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay "Social Disorganization Theory" "Culture transmission" from one generation to the next Edwin Sutherland "Differential Association Theory" o o 9 propositions built on findings of Shaw & McKay (cultural transmission) Cultural conflict o o Thorsten Sellin "Conduct Norms" Chapter 6 Developed to account for delinquency among lower-class males - explain teenage gang formation. Combine concepts of "Strain" and "Cultural Deviance" Theories Albert Cohen "Middle-Class Measuring Rod" o o Adoption of one of 3 roles Corner boy College boy Delinquent boy Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin "Differential Opportunity Theory" o o Type of neighborhood determines type of gang/subculture Criminal gangs Conflict gangs Retreatist gangs Marvin Wolfgang and Franco Ferracuti "Subculture of Violence" o o Built on concepts of "conduct norms" & "cultural transmission" Walter Miller "Focal Concerns" o o Trouble, toughness, smartness, excitement, luck, & autonomy o o Blames lower-class community as a whole rather than a so-called "delinquent subcultures" that emerge in lower-class urban slums Chapter 7 Travis Hirschi "Social Bonds" that promote adherence to society's values o o o Attachment, commitment, involvement, belief David Matza "Delinquency and Drift" Albert Reiss "Failure of Control Mechanisms" o o Personal controls reinforce social controls Walter Reckless "Containment Theory" o o Outer containment & inner containment o o Primary containment factor = good self-concept Travis Hirschi and Michael Gottfredson "General Theory of Crime" o o Low self-control results from ineffective child-rearing and poor socialization o o May be used to explain all crime types Chapter 8 Origins Social interactionists? Edwin Lemert "Basic Assumptions of Labeling Theory" o o Primary deviations & secondary deviations Howard Becker "Moral Entrepreneurs" Consensus vs. conflict perspective of lawmaking George Vold Chapter 9 3 Approaches: o o Environmental Criminology Location of crime critical Assumes some persons are criminally motivated Crime mapping & "hot spots" o o Ronald Clarke and Derek Cornish "Rational Choice Perspective" People commit crime with goal in mind freely & rationally 7 common "choice structuring properties" o Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson "Routine Activity Approach" 3 requirements for crime to occur = convergence in one time and place of: Likely offender Suitable target Absence of capable guardian Preventing Crime Against Places, People, & Valuable Goods o o <a href="/keyword/crime-prevention/" >crime prevention</a> Through Environmental Design (CPTED) C. Ray Jeffery o o Defensible Space Oscar Newman o o Situational <a href="/keyword/crime-prevention/" >crime prevention</a> leading proponent = Ronald V. Clarke Combines ideas of CPTED, Defensible Space, Rational Choice Theory, and Routine Activities Theory
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