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Lecture_7
Course: PSYCH 1200, Summer 2007School: Cornell
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Psychology y ve iti gy gn olo Co ych Ps Psycholinguistics Linguistics cs nti ma Se al rm Fo log Cognitive Philosophy Neurobiology Cognitive Science of Mind Philosophy Neurobiology Ne ur Neuroscience Co AI, ic Ne mpu og Neural Networks, L ur ta al os tio and Comp. Ling. orm cie n al F nc Computer e op syc Science Fo Sy rm nt al ax ho Functional Localization in the Human Brain Lesion and Deactivation Studies (Brain...
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Psychology y ve iti gy gn olo Co ych Ps Psycholinguistics Linguistics cs nti ma Se al rm Fo log Cognitive Philosophy Neurobiology Cognitive Science of Mind Philosophy Neurobiology Ne ur Neuroscience Co AI, ic Ne mpu og Neural Networks, L ur ta al os tio and Comp. Ling. orm cie n al F nc Computer e op syc Science Fo Sy rm nt al ax ho Functional Localization in the Human Brain Lesion and Deactivation Studies (Brain Damage, Wada Test, Cooling Coils, TMS) Direct Cortical Stimulation (also recording) Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) <a href="/keyword/positron-emission-tomography/" ><a href="/keyword/positron-emission/" >positron emission</a> tomography</a> (PET Scan) functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging(fMRI) <a href="/keyword/positron-emission-tomography/" ><a href="/keyword/positron-emission/" >positron emission</a> tomography</a> (PET Scan) Functional Localization in the Human Brain Lesion and Deactivation Studies (Brain Damage, Wada Test, Cooling Coils, TMS) Direct Cortical Stimulation (also recording) Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) <a href="/keyword/positron-emission-tomography/" ><a href="/keyword/positron-emission/" >positron emission</a> tomography</a> (PET Scan) functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging(fMRI) fMRI Broca's Area fMRI Broca's Area Supramarginal Gyrus Anterior Cingulate Gyrus Neuroscience perspectives on learning and evolution 1m Level of Analysis 10 cm 1 cm CNS Systems Maps Development 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 20 40 60 80 100 120 1 mm Networks 100 m Neurons 0 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 20 40 60 80 100 120 1 m Synapses 1 Molecules 0 20 40 60 Time 80 100 120 Innate versus Learned Genes versus Environment Nature versus Nurture Everything in Cognitive Science is some of both. Even the liver does not develop on a purely innate schedule. There's no escaping the influence of the environment. Even driving stick-shift is not a purely learned task. There's no true "Tabula Rasa". LEARNING How does the brain learn? Behaviorism: Association Stimulus Response Hebbian Learning: Presynaptic Hebb Synapse Neuron Postsynaptic Neuron Hebbian Learning: -- Increase synaptic excitation between correlated neurons. -- Long Term Potentiation -- NMDA receptors -- Decrease synaptic excitation between non-correlated neurons. -- Increase synaptic inhibition between anti-correlated neurons. Hebbian Cell Assembly: (aka population code, or distributed representation) CAT Pattern Completion EVOLUTION How does a brain evolve? Niche Cold Hot Social "Noncooperation" Social Trait Body Hair Body Hair "Cooperation" Result Success Failure Success Failure EVOLUTION Natural Selection (Adaptation) Exaptation Punctuated Equilibrium One Gene -- One Trait is rare when it comes to behavior. Evolution is NOT Goal-Driven. Human Evolution is Progressing Even Now! LEARNING AND EVOLUTION Case Study: Ocular Dominance Columns -- Kittens -- Critical (or Sensitive) Periods -- Computer Simulation -- Three-eyed Frogs Three-eyed Frog LEARNING AND EVOLUTION Another Case Study: Research on Twins -- separated at birth -- 50% of their personality is the same LEARNING AND EVOLUTION Another Case Study: Orientation Detectors -- Noise as Retinal Input -- Natural Images as Retinal Input Learning Neurons that fire together wire together. Evolution Genes that survive together thrive together.
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