21: Chapter The Revolution in Western Politics, 1775--1815
STUDY-REVIEW EXERCISES Review Check your understanding of this chapter by answering the following questions. 1. The ideas of liberty and equality were the central ideas of classical liberalism. Define these ideas. Are they the same as democracy? Where did they come from? 2. According to Locke, what is the function of government? 3. Did the Americans or the British have the better argument with regard to the taxation problem? 4. Why is the Declaration of Independence sometimes called the world's greatest political editorial? 5. What role did the European powers play in the American victory? Did they gain anything? 6. What was the major issue in the debate between the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists? 7. Did the American Revolution have any effect on France? 8. Describe the three estates of France. Who paid the taxes? Who held the wealth and power in France? 9. With the calling of the Estates General, "the nobility of France expected that history would repeat itself." Did it? What actually did happen? 10. What were the reforms of the National Assembly? Do they display the application of liberalism to society? 11. What were the cause and outcome of the peasants' uprising of 1789? 12. What role did the poor women of Paris play in the Revolution? 13. Why were France and Europe overcome with feelings of fear and mistrust? 14. Why did the Revolution turn into war in 1792? 15. Who were the sans-culottes? Why were they important to radical leaders such as Robespierre? What role did the common people play in the Revolution? 16. Why did the Committee of Public Safety need to institute a Reign of Terror? 17. Describe the Grand Empire of Napoleon in terms of its three parts. Was Napoleon a liberator or a tyrant? 18. What caused Napoleon's downfall? Was it inevitable? Definition Define the following key concepts and terms. Liberalism checks andbalances natural or universal rights Republican
Popular sovereignty Tithe Identification Identify and explain the significance of each of the following people and terms: Stamp Act Battle of Trafalgar American Bill of Rights Loyalists Constitutional Convention of 1787 Treaty of Paris, 1783 Jacobins Girondists Mountain Reign of Terror National Assembly Declaration of the Rights of Woman Bastille Sans-culottes the baker, the baker's wife, and the baker's boy Lord Nelson Mary Wollstonecroft Edmund Burke Marie Antoinette Marquis de Lafayette Thomas Jefferson Robespierre John Locke Abb Sieys
CHAPT 22: THE INDUSTIAL REVOLUTION IN EUROPE
STUDY REVIEW EXERCISES Review Check your understanding of this chapter by answering the following questions: 1. Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in England? 2. Describe the energy crisis in England. How was it solved? 3. Was the enclosure movement a disaster for the common farm worker? 4. What was the agricultural revolution? Where did it begin and why?
5. What was the relationship between the steam engine and the coal mine? The railroad and the coal mine? 6. What impact did the railroad have on (a) the factory system, (b) the rural workers, and (c) the outlook and values of society? 7. What did James Watt do to increase the efficiency of the steam engine? 8. How did the change in textile production affect employment in spinning and weaving for adults and children? 9. What effect did the French Revolution and the wars of 17921815 have on the economies of the continental states? What were the variations in the timing and extent of industrialization in the United States, Belgium, Germany, and France? 10. What disadvantages and advantages were felt by countries that industrialized after Great Britain? 11. What do the careers of Cockerill, Harkort, and List tell us about the problems and methods of industrialization on the Continent? 12. What was the purpose of the Zollverein? Of the Crdit Mobilier? 13. Did Britain's new industrial middle class ruthlessly exploit the workers? 14. Did the standard of living improve or decline between 1790 and 1850? What about other factors, such as diet and working conditions? 15. What was the effect of the factory system in Britain on the family? 16. What was the subcontract system, and how did it work? Did it have a negative or a positive impact on working-class life? 17. What were the goals and accomplishments of the Chartists? 18. What is meant by the term sexual division of labor? What are the various theories about its emergence? Definition Define the following key concepts and terms: War of the Spanish Succession War of the Austrian Succession Seven Years' War cottage workers enclosure system domestic system "spinsters" agricultural revolution Mercantilism the "asiento" Industrial Revolution protective tariff Chartist movement
Identification Identify and explain the significance of the following people and terms: "body linen" Jethro Tull "separate spheres" Thomas Malthus David Ricardo Andrew Ure Crystal Palace Cartwright's power loom spinning jenny Zollverein Factory Act of 1833 Emile and Isaac Pereire Grand National Consolidated Trades Union Friedrich Engels George Stephenson Friedrich List James Watt James Hargreaves Henry Cort parish "apprentices" in cotton mills craft union Combination Acts
CHAPTER 23 The Triumph of Nationalism in Europe, 1815--1914
STUDY REVIEW EXERCISES Review
Check your understanding of this chapter by answering the following questions: 1. What is the dual revolution? 2. Describe the treatment of defeated France by the victors in 1814. Why wasn't the treatment harsher? 3. What is meant by the term balance of power? What methods were used by the Great Powers to preserve the balance of power? 4. What were the Hundred Days? 5. Who were the participants and what was the purpose of the Holy Alliance and the congress
system? 6. Describe the make-up of the Austrian Empire. How and why were nationalism and liberalism regarded as dangerous to those in power? 7. Describe laissez-faire economic philosophy. Why did laissez-faire liberals see mercantilism as undesirable? 8. What are the links between nationalism and liberalism? 9. What are the goals of socialism? How do the ideas of Saint-Simon, Fourier, Blanc, and Proudhon illustrate socialist thought? 10. What was Marx's view of history? What was the role of the proletariat? 11. What is romanticism? What were the romantics rebelling against? 12. In what ways was romantic music a radical departure from the past? What was the purpose of romantic music? 13. Compare and contrast the political developments in Britain and France between 181415 and 1832. Who were the winners and the losers? 14. What were the causes and the outcome of the Greek revolution of 182132? 15. What were the goals of the Chartists? The Anti-Corn Law League? 16. What was the Reform Bill of 1832? 17. Why did Charles X lose his throne? 18. Describe what happened in France in 1848. Why did the French voters turn their backs on the Revolution and elect a strongman as president? 19. Was the national workshop plan a wise compromise for the French socialists? 20. Why did the revolutionary coalition in Hungary in 1848 break down? 21. Why couldn't the middle-class liberals and the urban poor in Austria cooperate in destroying their common enemies? 22. What was the role of the Archduchess Sophia in the preservation of the Austrian Empire? 23. What were the goals of the Frankfurt Assembly? Why did it fail? 24. To what extent was industrialization responsible for the deplorable conditions of the cities in the early nineteenth century? 25. Who was Edwin Chadwick? What role did he play in the health movement? 26. What was the miasmatic theory of disease? How did it retard progress? 27. What were the reasons for the rebuilding of Paris? Who was responsible for this change? 28. Marx claimed that as a result of industrialization there was an increasing polarization of society into rich and poor. Do the facts warrant such a conclusion? 29. Describe the differences and similarities between groups within the middle class. What separated and what united them? 30. What were the goals of the middle class? 31. Describe the "labor aristocracy." What were the interests of its members? How did they differ from the rest of the working class?
32. What were the interests, motives, and lifestyle of the working class? How were they changing by the late nineteenth century? 33. Why was there a decline in illegitimacy after 1850? 34. Did kinship ties disappear in the new urban environment? Explain. 35. What was the social and economic position of women in the nineteenth century? Were they better off than in pre-industrial society? 36. What changes occurred in child care and the attitudes toward children in the nineteenth century? 37. Overall, did family life improve in the nineteenth century? Explain. 38. In what practical ways did breakthroughs in scientific inquiry transform life for the general population of the nineteenth century? 39. What impact did science have on the study of society? 40. What were the new evolutionary views of biological development, and how did these views influence religious and social thought? 41. Why did nationalism weaken rather than strengthen the Austro-Hungarian Empire? 42. What is modernization and how was it introduced into Russia? Which was the most "modem" of the states of Europe at the middle of the nineteenth century? 43. What was the status of the Russian serf in the early nineteenth century? How beneficial was the reform of 1861 to the serf? 44. Was the new Germany a democracy? Where did power reside in the Germany of 1871? 45. What was Bismarck's relationship (after 1871) with (a) the Catholic church, (b) the liberals, and (c) the socialists? 46. What were the causes and outcome of the Dreyfus affair in France? 47. What were the major political developments and issues in Britain and Ireland in the late nineteenth century? Was the Irish problem solvable? 48. In what ways were ethnic rivalries and growing anti-Semitism related in Austria-Hungary? 49. What was the purpose of the socialist internationals? To what degree did they represent workingclass unity?
Definition
Define the following key concepts and terms: Romanticism Conservatism dual revolution Liberalism Nationalism Radicalism laissez faire iron law of wages Socialism Marx's theory of historical evolution Classicism Republicanism
antiseptic principle Darwin's theory of biological evolution labor aristocracy realist movement miasmatic theory middle-class morality Comte's positivism The People's Budget Paris Commune of 1871 Ulster Revolt of 1913 Russo-Japanese War Alexander II of Russia Sergei Witte The Russian Duma The Great Reform Bill (Britain) of 1832 Kulterkampf German Social Democrats Quadruple Alliance Constitutional Charter of 1814 (France) Congress of Troppau congress system Corn Laws Ten Hours Act of 1847 (Britain) national workshops Wealth of Nations Frankfurt Assembly Schleswig-Holstein question Louis Kossuth Jules Michelet Otto von Bismarck Frederick William IV Alexander Ypsilanti Chartists The "Red Shirts" in Sicily Zollverein Karl Marx Louis North Philippe German Confederation Franco-Prussian War Communist Manifesto Robert Peel Giuseppe Mazzini Count Cavour
Explanation
Explain what ideas the following romantic figures attempted to convey to their audiences: Walter Scott Victor Hugo Eugene Delacroix
Ludwig van Beethoven Germaine de Stael
Explanation
Explain how each of the following people contributed to the improvement of nineteenth-century life: Edwin Chadwick Louis Pasteur Robert Koch Charles Darwin Gustave Flaubert Emile Zola Auguste Comte Joseph Lister Baron Georges Haussmann Gustave Droz
CHAPTER 24: Africa, West Asia, and Western Imperialism, 1800--1914
STUDY REVIEW EXERCISES Review
Check your understanding of this chapter by answering the following questions: 1. What is meant by the West Third World "income gap"? Why and how did this happen? 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. How was the growth of world trade connected to technological breakthroughs and new forms of transportation? Describe why and where the Europeans invested abroad. Who were the winners? Was the growth of European population in the nineteenth century of significance? Why did some Europeans move abroad? Why did many Asians migrate to distant places? How did their experiences in the West differ from their experiences in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa? What was "new imperialism"? Were the motives largely those of economic gain? Provide some examples of how Social Darwinism encouraged imperialism. What influence did Western Christianity have on imperialism? Who were some of the "critics" of imperialism--and what were their arguments? Describe the variety of reactions (responses) of African and Asian people to Western imperialism. How did Muslims respond to Western imperialism? Describe the various causes of the weakness and eventual "decline" of the Ottoman (Turkish) Empire. Why were Selim III and Muhmud III important--and what was the outcome of their efforts? Describe the goals of Muhammad Ali and his grandson Khedive Ismail in Egypt. Do you believe
they succeeded? 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Why did the British invade and impose direct rule over Egypt? Was it "temporary"? Why and when did the African slave trade decline? When and why was it carried on by some African warlords? What is meant by the "Islamic revival" of the early nineteenth century? Give examples. Why is Leopold II of Belgium important in the history of the European conquest of Africa? What was the purpose and the outcome of the Berlin Conference on Africa in 18841885? What were the causes of the South African War of 18991902? Who won and who lost?
Definition
Define the following key concepts and terms: "world market" Suez Canal The Great Migration "whites only" immigration policies "new imperialism" Social Darwinian racial theory "westernizers" or "modernizers" "traditionalists" Ottoman janissary corps "scramble for Africa"
Identification
Identify and explain the significance of the following people and terms: Yoruba elite Jihad Usuman dan Fodio Sokoto Caliphate Sayyid Said David Livingston Leopold II Muhammad Ahmad the "Mahdi" The battle at Omdurman Dutch East India Company Shaka Afrikaners Cecil Rhodes J. A. Hobson
Explanation
Explain the ideas of each of the following: Qasim Amin Muhammad Abduh
Jamal al-Din `al-Aghani' Heinrich von Treitschke Rudyard Kipling Joseph Conrad Muhammad Ali of Egypt
CHAPTER 25: Asia in the Era of Western Imperialism, 1800-1914
STUDY REVIEW EXERCISES Review Check your understanding of this chapter by answering the following questions: 1. What were the motives behind the European ventures into Asia? 2. What communication factors facilitated intercontinental trade in the late nineteenth century? 3. How did the economics of industrialization and political rivalry in Europe encourage imperialist expansion? 4. Western imperialists saw themselves as carriers of progress. Explain their reasoning. 5. Describe the process by which the British came to control India. What was the impact of British imperialism on the political and cultural make-up of India? 6. Who in India gained from British rule? Did the new Indian "elite" mix well with the British overlords? 7. What were the motives of both the British merchants and the Chinese government in the opium wars of 18391842? 8. India became a "key element" in British foreign policy. Why? Why did Britain's interest in India lead to further expansion in Asia? 9. Explain the British-Indian "Great Revolt" conflict in 1857. What were the causes and the results? 10. Describe the Dutch East India Company and the Dutch government motives and methods of conquest in Indonesia (Dutch East Indies). How did Dutch attitudes toward Indonesian people change over time? 11. Describe the accomplishments of the Nguyen dynasty in Vietnam. How did the Vietnamese react to French missionaries and the French army? 12. Why and how did the United States come to take possession of the Philippines? Compare and contrast Spanish and American ways of ruling the Philippine people. 13. Describe how Britain's "balance of trade" problem in China led to war and British control over Chinese ports. What were the terms of the Treaty of Nanjing (Nanking) in 1842? 14. What were the reasons for internal unrest in China in the nineteenth century? 15. What were the cause and the outcome of the massive Taiping rebellion in China?
16. Describe the struggle within China between the modernizers and the conservatives (traditionalists). What role did the empress dowager play in this struggle? 17. What was the Boxer rebellion in China? What was the outcome? 18. How does the peasant student Sun Yatsen fit into this picture of confusion in China? How and why did he change the course of Chinese history? 19. Describe the conflict between Japan and the United States. Was gunboat diplomacy successful? 20. Who were the "radical" samurai and why did they oppose foreign presence in Japan? How did the Europeans respond? 21. Describe the "about-face" of the Meiji reformers. What did this mean for Japan's future? 22. Why and how did Japan's samurai warrior class lose its position in society? How and why did a new professional army emerge in Japan? 23. What were the various Meiji political, military, and cultural reforms in Japan? 24. How and why did Korea become a "protectorate" of Japan? 25. What were the goals of Christian missionaries in Asia--and what impact did they have on Asian society? In your view, did missionaries have a positive or negative influence in Asian society? 26. Describe the "push and pull" factors that prompted Asian people to voluntarily migrate. Definition Define the following key concepts and terms: Suez Canal Rudyard Kipling British East India Company traditionalist response to imperialism modernist response to imperialism Sati The Great Revolt (India) "the white man's burden" missionary schools in India Indian Civil Service Identification Identify and explain the significance of the following people and terms: Dutch East India Company Manchu Dynasty Nguyen dynasty in Vietnam Vietnam's Confucian elite The encomienda system of rule in the Philippines Commodore George Dewey
Tokugawa shoguns British opium trade The opium war Hong Kong island "extraterritoriality" Matthew Perry Boers Dowager Empress Tzu His "most-favored nation" Taiping rebellion (China) Meiji reformers Gunboat diplomacy Samurai warriors Explanation Explain what the following events were, who participated in them, and why they were important: The Meiji Resoration of 1867 The "opening" of Japan, 1853 The "opening" of Korea, 1876 Treaty of Nanking, 1842 The opening of the Suez Canal, 1869
CHAPTER 27: The Great Break: War and Revolution
STUDY REVIEW EXERCISES Review After reading and studying this chapter, you should be able to answer the following questions: 1. What caused the Great War? 2. How did the war lead to revolution and the fall of empires? 3. How did the war affect common people? 4. What caused the Russian revolution? 5. 2. What was the purpose of the German-Russian Reinsurance Treaty? Why did it end in 1890 and with what results? 6. What were the reasons for Britain and Germany's love-hate relationship? 7. Why was the Moroccan crisis of 1905 a turning point in European diplomacy? 8. What impact did the Congress of Berlin (1878) have on the Balkan area? Who was bound to be the loser in the Balkans? 9. What were the origins and causes of the "Third Balkan War" in 1914?
10. Which of the major powers do you believe most responsible and least responsible for the First World War? Explain. 11. What impact did the war have on the economy and the people at home? How cooperative was the population? 12. Did the war have any effect on the power of organized labor? On women in society? 13. How did the war tend to have an equalizing effect on society? 14. What evidence is there that the strain of war was beginning to take its toll on the home front in Russia, Austria, France, and Germany by 1916? 15. What were the reasons for the Russian Revolution in March 1917? Was revolution inevitable? 16. What were the soviets? What role did they play in the Bolshevik Revolution? 17. What was it about Lenin's character that made him a successful revolutionary? Why were his ideas popular with peasants and urban workers? 18. Why did Kerensky and the provisional government fail? 19. What were the reasons for the Bolshevik victory in the civil war? 20. Were there one, two, or many Russian revolutions in 1917? Explain. 21. What happened to the Austro-Hungarian and Turkish empires after 1918? 22. What were the goals of Wilson, Lloyd George, and Clemenceau at the Versailles peace conference? 23. The Treaty of Versailles is often seen as a major cause of the Second World War. Do you agree? Why? 24. Compare and contrast the Versailles settlement of 1919 with the Vienna settlement of 1815. What similarities do you see? What were the most striking differences? 25. How did the post World War I revolutions in Russia and Germany differ? How were they the same? Definition Define the following key concepts and terms: Congress of Berlin, 1878 Schlieffen Plan "total war" totalitarian western front Bolsheviks principle of national self-determination war reparations Identification Identify and explain the significance of the following people and terms: First Balkan War, 1912
Lawrence of Arabia Reinsurance Treaty Algeciras Conference of 1906 Anglo-French Entente of 1904 "Third Balkan War" (1914) Lusitania Admiral Tirpitz (German) Auxiliary Service Law of 1916 David Lloyd George Rasputin Georges Clemenceau Duma Explanation Explain what role each of the following played in the Russian Revolution: Tsar Nicholas II Petrograd Soviet Leon Trotsky Petrograd bread riots (1917) Congress of the Soviets Kiev mutiny (1918) Alexander Kerensky Vladimir Lenin Army Order No. 1 Constituent Assembly White opposition Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918)