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Agriculture: Organic Farming for Our Future By: Christie Lynn Moore, S#995148095 L#1W102, TA Rob Colautti, March 2008 Our world's population is rapidly growing. Today, there are over 6 billion people living on planet Earth. With our world's current growth rate at 1.3%, there are now twice as many people then there were 40 years ago. In response to our growing population and technological advancements, agriculture has changed dramatically over the past few decades. Particularly since the end of World War II, food and fiber productivity has increased due to new technologies, mechanization, specialization, and increased chemical use. These changes have allowed for fewer farmers with a lower labor demand. Although these changes have had many positive effects and have reduced some of the risks in farming, there have also been significant costs. Some costs include topsoil depletion, groundwater contamination, the decline of family farms, the degeneration of social and economic conditions in rural communities, and an irreversible decline in biodiversity. A growing movement has emerged during the past two decades to challenge the role of the conventional agricultural establishment. The organic agricultural movement is gaining increasing support and acceptance as a more ethical alternative. This form of sustainable agriculture addresses many environmental concerns, socialconsumer concerns, and offers some innovative and economic opportunities for those involved in the food system. Organic agriculture has been defined by the USDA National Organic Standards Board as: "an ecological production management system that promotes and enhances biodiversity, biological cycles, and soil biological activity. It is based on management practices that restore, maintain, and enhance ecological harmony" Organic agriculture is agricultural production without the use of synthetic chemicals such as fertilizers, pesticides, and antibiotics. For crop production, organic materials like compost and manure are used to maintain healthy soil. In order to ensure that the organic system is efficient and sustainable in the long term, sustainable crop rotations, mulching, inter-cropping, nutrient recycling, encouragement of a rich biodiversity and other management practices incorporated. Organic farming is environmentally friendly. The chemicals conventional farms use destroys many beneficial insect species and causes environmental degradation. Groundwater gets polluted from the inefficient use of fertilizers and the indiscriminate use of pesticides. These threats are eliminated in organic farming systems because natural pest control is practiced. Prevention is organic farmers' primary strategy in controlling pests and diseases. This is achieved through a variety of ways. One is by building healthy soils by means of fertilizing with composts and manure. Compost is a cheaper source of fertilizer and contains all the nutrients that are needed by plants. Another is natural pest control, using plants with natural pesticide properties. Natural pest control is cheaper than using synthetic pesticides and minimizes the pollution of groundwater and soil. Another advantage to organic farming is that it meets the needs of many consumer concerns. Consumers are turning to organic food because they consider it to be tastier and healthier, both for themselves and the environment. Despite the higher cost for organic products, consumers are willing to pay for their preferences. Consumers' top concerns about non-organic foods include untested the and unlabeled genetically engineered food ingredients, pesticide and drug residues, ingesting growth hormones (a probable cancer hazard), and the increased risk of E. Coli. Lastly, organic farming provides economic justice for small farmers and farm workers, as well as the preservation of family farms. On average, small organic farms are the only small-sized farms that are given a decent price for their products. Organic farming has a good market potential. Although today organic products represent only a small fraction (around 1%) of total food sales, the market is growing sharply and is expected to reach 10% of food sales in major markets over the next few years. In 2006, organic product sales in Canada amounted to over a billion dollars! The reason prices are generally higher for organic foods reflects the need to meet stricter regulations for certification, which makes the process more labour and management intensive, and this system of farming tends to be on a much smaller scale. But you must consider that if the indirect costs of conventional food production such as the clean up of polluted water, replacement of eroded soils, and the costs of health care for farmers and their workers were factored into the price of this food, organic foods would cost about the same, or may even be cheaper! Ultimately, human life depends on the health of our land. With the increasing concern of soil erosion and decline in fertility conventional farming brings, our survival is compromised. Although the world's population has been increasing, the main cause of hunger is not lack of food production. The main cause of hunger is poverty. There is more than enough food to feed the world. Our thoughts should concern the future. To secure sufficient food for all in a way that neither compromises human prosperity nor threatens the environment, in the short and long term, we should pursue organic agriculture. Literature Cited C. Fookes. 2001. Myth and Reality Organic vs non-organic: the facts. Website: Farming solutions. ULR: http://www.farmingsolutions.org/pdfdb/Organic%20Food%20and%20Farming ,%20Myth%20and%20Reality.pdf. Article read on March19, 2008. C. Gazette. 2003. Organic food promotes health and ethical choice. Website: Organic Consumers Association. ULR: http://www.organicconsumers.org/organic/ronnie051203.cfm. Article read on March19, 2008. A. Macey. 2006. Retail sales of certified organic food products in Canada. Website: Organic Ag Center. ULR: http://www.organicagcentre.ca/Docs/RetailSalesOrganic_Canada2006.pdf. Article read on March19, 2008. B. Roitner-Schobesberger, I. Darnhofer, and C. Somsook. 2008. Consumer perceptions of organic foods in Bangkok, Thailand. Food Policy 33:112-121 M. Rosenberg. 2008. Geography: How fast is the world's population growing? Website: about.com. ULR: http://geography.about.com/library/faq/blqzworldgrowth.htm. Article read on March19, 2008. J. Ungoed-Thomas. 2007. Official: organic farming really is better. Website: Times Online. ULR: http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/health/article2753446.ece. Article read on March19, 2008. Unknown. 2003. Website: Ecology. ULR: http://www.ecology.com/featurestories/organic-agriculture-today/index.html. Article read on March19, 2008. Unknown. 2008. Organic farming. Website: Wikipedia. ULR: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_farming. Article read on March19, 2008. Unknown. 2008. World population. Website: Wikipedia. ULR: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population. Article read on March19, 2008.
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Path: UCSD >> MAE >> 105 Spring, 2008
Description: MAE 105 Quiz #6 (closed book and notes) Name:_ Date: May 29, 2008 Time: 3:35 to 3:55pm Consider the wave equation 2 u 2 u - = 0, t > 0, t 2 x 2 with the boundary conditions u(0, t) = u( , t) = 0 , and initial conditions u(x, 0) = x sin x , 1 u (x, 0)...
ast251 essay 1
Path: University of Toronto >> AST >> 250 Winter, 2008
Description: Terraforming Mars Interstellar Colonization of Mars, Europa, and Beyond. By Christie-Lynn Moore, 995148095 TA: Zhiqi Huang, March 17, 2008 Abstract Since it\'s creation, our sun has been getting 10% hotter every billion years. With the rising tempera...
AST251 paper2
Path: University of Toronto >> AST >> 250 Winter, 2008
Description: Christie Moore 995148095 Date: February 4th, 2008 L-M T.A.: Zhiqi Huang AST 251 Research Paper Outline Topic 9: Interstellar Colonization Essay body discusses: A method of Interstellar colonization will be proposed discussing: Necessary materials Po...
Bio Library Assignment
Path: University of Toronto >> BIO >> 150 Winter, 2008
Description: Christie Lynn Moore 995148095 1W102, Rob C., Due: Jan. 23, 08 Library Assignment Code: 1-95 Steps used to find articles: 1) went to http:/www.library.utoronto.ca/gerstein/ 2) clicked on database: \"web of science\" 3) clicked \"general search\" 4) enter...
Meteorology
Path: University of Toronto >> PHY >> 100 Winter, 2008
Description: PHY 100H1F, Christie Moore, Student number: 995148095, Meteorology: The Safe Study of the Atmosphere In science, for an empirical hypothesis, proposition, or theory to be considered scientific it must be stated in such a way that it can be refuted. ...
ee201_midterm1_Sp2008_sol
Path: USC >> EE >> 201L Spring, 2008
Description: ...
ee201_midterm2_Sp2006_sol
Path: USC >> EE >> 201L Spring, 2006
Description: added ...
stats 203 practice midterm
Path: McGill >> MATH >> 203 Summer, 2008
Description: x j F @C 6 v D 2 v 2 F @ D q 6 C h v @ 6 D @ 0 v 2 @ 8 6 2 q 6 @ F v D @ 6 pEug35\'U5\'nu\'rur13rU51U5\'U1xGdI j D v F ) 6 0 D @ 0 ) @A v 6 FC @ ) 6 D y x @ 6 2 q 6 @ vC 6 ) q 6 F D D q 6 6 ) F @C 6 v D 2 v 2 F @ ) vC D D q 3Gg51SG3...
stats 203 practice midterm solutions
Path: McGill >> MATH >> 203 Summer, 2008
Description: Student Name: Student Number: Faculty of Science MIDTERM EXAMINATION Mathematics 203 Principles of Statistics I Friday, October 22nd Answer directly on the test (use front and back if necessary). Calculators are allowed. One 8.5\" 11\" sheet of no...
stats practice midterm 2 solutions
Path: McGill >> MATH >> 203 Summer, 2008
Description: STUDENT ID #: Midterm Exam MATH 203 Principles of Statistics I October 22, 2003 Student Name: Notes: You can use the back of the page if your answers do not fit in the spaces provided (but if your answer doesn\'t fit, it probably is too long). Expla...
stats practice midterm 2
Path: McGill >> MATH >> 203 Summer, 2008
Description: STUDENT ID #: Midterm Exam MATH 203 Principles of Statistics I October 22, 2003 Student Name: Notes: You can use the back of the page if your answers do not fit in the spaces provided (but if your answer doesn\'t fit, it probably is too long). Expla...
ee201_midterm2_Sp2006_improved_Question_2_and_sol
Path: USC >> EE >> 201L Spring, 2006
Description: ee201_midterm2_Sp2006_improved_Question_2_and_sol.fm Spring 2006 EE201L Midterm Exam II (30%) Open-Book Open-Notes Exam Name: Instructor: Gandhi Puvvada Date: April 28, 2006, Friday Time: 4:00 - 6:00PM in SGM124 Total points: 153 Perfect score: 1...
ee101_hw1_sol
Path: USC >> EE >> 101 Fall, 2007
Description: EE 101 Homework 1 Redekopp Name: _SOLUTIONS_ Due: Score: _ Show work to get full credit. Remember, use on only one side of the paper and staple them together. Only use a calculator to CHECK your work, not to DO your work. 1.a 1100101.10112 = 1*26 + 1...
ee101_hw2_sol
Path: USC >> EE >> 101 Fall, 2007
Description: EE 101 Homework 2 Redekopp Name: _SOLUTIONS_ Due: Score: _ Show work to get full credit. Remember, use on only one side of the paper and staple them together. Only use a calculator to CHECK your work, not to DO your work. 1. (12 pts.) What are the ...
ee101_hw3_sol
Path: USC >> EE >> 101 Fall, 2007
Description: EE 101 Homework 3 Redekopp Name: _Solutions_ Due: Score: _ Show work to get full credit. Remember, use on only one side of the paper and staple them together. Only use a calculator to CHECK your work, not to DO your work. 1.a F = (A+B)(C) ABC A B A +...
ee101_hw4_sol
Path: USC >> EE >> 101 Fall, 2007
Description: EE 101 Homework 4 Redekopp Name: _Solutions_ Due: Score: _ Show work to get full credit. Remember, use on only one side of the paper and staple them together. Only use a calculator to CHECK your work, not to DO your work. 1.a x\' = x NOR 0 x 0 or in...
additional golf article 1
Path: Western Michigan >> PEGN >> 2000 Spring, 2007
Description: The Eyes Have It Here was another excellent article based on something so simple. A tip that\'s ingrained into us so much in beginning golf it almost seems to be a rule after a while. \"The eyes have it\" as was put in bold in the start of the article. ...
ee101_hw5_sol
Path: USC >> EE >> 101 Fall, 2007
Description: EE 101 Homework 5 Redekopp Name: _Solutions_ Due: Score: _ Show work to get full credit. Remember, use on only one side of the paper and staple them together. Only use a calculator to CHECK your work, not to DO your work. 1) (36 pts.) Design (create...
golf written report
Path: Western Michigan >> PEGN >> 2000 Spring, 2007
Description: Tips From the Tour This article was about improving your golf ability and was very informative and to the point. It is almost difficult to summarize since each page was a well written summary in itself. Anyway, I find it a good reference and somethi...
additional golf article 2
Path: Western Michigan >> PEGN >> 2000 Spring, 2007
Description: The Eyes Have It Here was another excellent article based on something so simple. A tip that\'s ingrained into us so much in beginning golf it almost seems to be a rule after a while. \"The eyes have it\" as was put in bold in the start of the article....
standardfornewtrialinfalsetestimonycases
Path: Western Michigan >> PEGN >> 2000 Spring, 2007
Description: The Standard for New Trial in False Testimony Cases The journal I chose is called \"I cannot Tell a Lie: The Standard for New Trial in False Testimony Cases\" It is an essay from the Criminal Justice Abstracts Database that \"examines the question of w...
Midterm_sol
Path: USC >> EE >> 101 Fall, 2007
Description: EE 101 Midterm Fall \'07 Redekopp Name: _Solutions_ Lecture 9:30 / 12:30 / 2:00 Closed Book / 90 minutes Score: _ No calculators are allowed. Show all your work to get full credit. 1. Number Systems a. Perform the indicated conversions: (B7)16 = (?)8...
Quiz1_v1_sol
Path: USC >> EE >> 101 Fall, 2007
Description: EE 101 Quiz 1 v.1 Fall \'07 Redekopp Name: _Solutions_ Lecture 9:30 / 12:30 / 2:00 Closed Book / 45 minutes Score: _ No calculators are allowed. Show all your work to get full credit. 1. Perform the following number system conversions (in any order) ...
Quiz2_sol
Path: USC >> EE >> 101 Fall, 2007
Description: EE 101 Quiz 2 v.1 Fall \'06 Redekopp Name: _ Lecture 9:30 / 12:30 / 5:00 Closed Book / 40 minutes Score: _ No calculators are allowed. Show all your work to get full credit. 1) Design a circuit that takes as input a single decimal digit, X[3:0], repr...
Sample_Midterm_sol
Path: USC >> EE >> 101 Fall, 2007
Description: EE 101 Sample Midterm Redekopp Name:_ Score: / 100 1. Short Answer a. What range of numbers can be represented with a 6-bit 2\'s complement system? -2n-1 to +2n-1-1 = -32 to +31 b. What determines the speed of a digital circuit as discussed in class? ...
3 conceptual problems with the ucr
Path: Western Michigan >> SOC >> 3630 Spring, 2008
Description: Three Conceptual problems with the UCR The UCR which stands for the Uniform Crime Report is a report of crime in a given year compiled by the FBI based on crime reports submitted by the police to the FBI. There are many problems with this report. Th...
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Path: Rhode Island >> FRN >> 103 Spring, 2008
Description: prsent je tu il/elle/on nous vous ils/elles -e -es -e -ons -ez -ent p.c. avoir + aller + VERBES -ER imparfait futur proche cond. -ais aller + inf. -ais -ais -ait -ions -iez -aient -ais -ait -ions -iez -aient futur -ai -as -a -ons -ez -ont prsen...
Conditional exercises
Path: Rhode Island >> FRN >> 103 Spring, 2008
Description: THANKSGIVING Formulez une question partir du vocabulaire suivant: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Rentrer/chez./Thanksgiving Manger/beaucoup/dinde (f.)/Thanksgiving Manger/tarte la citrouille (f.) Manger/gratin (m.) de patate douce Voir/famille Rega...
Conditional exercises 2
Path: Rhode Island >> FRN >> 103 Spring, 2008
Description: QUESTIONS AVEC SI 1. Si vous pouviez rencontrer une personne de trs clbre (mort ou vivant), qui est-ce que vous souhaiteriez rencontrer? 2. Si vous tiez clbre, comment est-ce que votre vie serait diffrente ? 3. Si vous pouviez changer une chose dan...
standardfornewtrialinfalsetestimonycases
Path: Western Michigan >> SOC >> 3630 Spring, 2008
Description: The Standard for New Trial in False Testimony Cases The journal I chose is called \"I cannot Tell a Lie: The Standard for New Trial in False Testimony Cases\" It is an essay from the Criminal Justice Abstracts Database that \"examines the question of w...
Demain des l'aube
Path: Rhode Island >> FRN >> 103 Spring, 2008
Description: Demain, ds l\'aube. Victor Hugo (1802-1885) Demain, ds l\'aube, l\'heure o blanchit la campagne, Je partirai. Vois-tu, je sais que tu m\'attends. J\'irai par la fort, j\'irai par la montagne. Je ne puis demeurer loin de toi plus longtemps. Je marcherai l...
SAVOIR ou CONNAÃŽTRE
Path: Rhode Island >> FRN >> 103 Spring, 2008
Description: SAVOIR ou CONNATRE ? I. Savoir ou connatre ? 1. Tu * le numro de tlphone de Fred ? 2. David * que la classe commence bientt. 3. Jacques * bien Oakland, parce qu\'il habite Oakland. 4. Tu * o se trouve l\'appartement de Franoise? 5. Nous * bien nos...
additional golf article 1
Path: Western Michigan >> PEGN >> 2000 Spring, 2008
Description: The Eyes Have It Here was another excellent article based on something so simple. A tip that\'s ingrained into us so much in beginning golf it almost seems to be a rule after a while. \"The eyes have it\" as was put in bold in the start of the article. ...
SampleFinalSol
Path: USC >> EE >> 101 Fall, 2007
Description: EE 101 Sample Final Redekopp Name: _ Taken from Fall \'02 / `03 1.) Answer the following questions as True or False a.) A 4-to-1 multiplexer requires at least 4 select lines: true / false FALSE b.) An 8-to-1 mux and no other logic can be used to imp...
ImportantSource_Midterm
Path: USC >> HIST >> 106g Fall, 2007
Description: Important Source Shang- Oracle Bones * Oracle Bones were found as a medicine that grounded into powder. * They are made from animal bones or turtle shells used in recording the result of divinations of the royal house in Shang Dynasty. * From the rec...
Midterm Review
Path: USC >> HIST >> 106g Fall, 2007
Description: The reasons of transformation in the nature of ruling class: Shang/Zhou to Tang: no one term for\"meritocrat\" in ancient Chinese literally When Confucius talks of the junzi or when Mencius alludes to the xian (the \"worthies\"), they are talking about a...
soc3040-nigeria
Path: Western Michigan >> SOC >> 3040 Spring, 2007
Description: Nigeria fears Destabilization ICG, the International Crisis Group declared Nigeria to be \"on the brinks\" of destabilization. It needs urgent and serious re-organization of both political and economic structures. The system is deeply flawed on all lev...
AppendixAUnit8_1Sol
Path: USC >> EE >> 101 Fall, 2007
Description: 8. Appendix B: Sample Problem Solutions The following are solutions to the problems presented in Appendix A. Use these only after attempting the problems on your own. 293 8.1. Unit 1 - Number Systems, Conversions, Signed Representations and Arithme...
AppendixAUnit8_2Sol
Path: USC >> EE >> 101 Fall, 2007
Description: 8.2. Unit 2 - Boolean Algebra, Logic Functions, and Canonical Representation, 2-Level Implementations and Circuit Design w/ Karnaugh Maps 1. Probably the easiest method is perfect induction (i.e. a truth table) F = X + X\' = 1 X X\' F 0 1 1 1 0 1 2. a....
AppendixAUnit8_3Sol
Path: USC >> EE >> 101 Fall, 2007
Description: 8.3. Unit 3 Decoders, Encoder, Multiplexers, Demultiplexers, Adders and Comparators 1. a. F = A , B ,C ( 2,4,6,7) = /Y0 /Y1 A , B ,C (0,1,3,5) m0\' C B A 1 0 A0 /Y2 m2\' m4\' m1\' m3\' m5\' F A1 A2 G1 /G2 3-to-8 Decoder /Y3 /Y4 /Y5 /Y6 /Y...
AppendixAUnit8_4Sol
Path: USC >> EE >> 101 Fall, 2007
Description: 8.4. Unit 4 Bistables, Latches, and Flip-Flops 1. Examine the proposed bistable circuit below. Determine whether it is a valid bistable or not. If so, write out the function table, replacing the X and Y labels with the appropriate Set and Reset inpu...
AppendixAUnit8_5Sol
Path: USC >> EE >> 101 Fall, 2007
Description: 8.5. Unit 5 State Machines & Sequential Components 1. We should find the state diagram following the steps in the class notes a. Find the excitation equations for D0 and D1. D0 = Q1Y + Q0X D1 = Q1\'Q0\'X b. Find the transition equations using D Flip-f...
AppendixAUnit8_6Sol
Path: USC >> EE >> 101 Fall, 2007
Description: 8.6. Unit 6 Datapath Design 1. Implement a circuit that takes in a 4-bit number X[3:0] and produces a 4-bit value Z[3:0] according to the following function: if X < 8 then Z = X + 10; else if X = 8 then Z = X 3; else Z = X 2; Using the building bl...
OZ enterprise sol
Path: USC >> ACCT >> 410x Spring, 2008
Description: Solution for Oz Enterprise: > Current assets: Cash Accounts receivable Inventory Prepaid insurance Total current assets Long-term assets: Land Buildings Equipment Total assets = Current liabilities: Accounts payable Long-term liabilities: Mortgage pa...
practice question and sol v2
Path: USC >> ACCT >> 410x Spring, 2008
Description: Practice questions for ACCT 410 Prof Hung Midterm #1 The purpose of this document is to help you review the material and PRACTICE. PLEASE NOTICE: -Some questions might be harder than the real exam while some might be easier. -There is NO guarantee t...
Quiz 3_solution
Path: USC >> ACCT >> 410x Spring, 2008
Description: Acc410 Professor Hung Quiz 3, Spring 2008 Student Name: _ Session (Circle one): MW 10:00-11:50, 12:00-1:50 Section 1: Multiple Choice: Choose the single best answer (5 points each) 1. The CEO of Eagle Corporation decides to increase the estimate of b...
Sol_practice questions _ Final exam 2008
Path: USC >> ACCT >> 410x Spring, 2008
Description: SOLUTIONS Practice questions for final exam PLEASE NOTE: The purpose of this document is to help you review the material and PRACTICE. Some questions might be harder than the real exam while some might be easier. There is NO guarantee that the real ...
SticeSolution_2008Spg Hung
Path: USC >> ACCT >> 410x Spring, 2008
Description: Financial Accounting; Stice & Stice EXERCISES E 4-1 Classification of Balance Sheet Accounts 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. c d f a a 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. i g b c a 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. h c f a i 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. h a or b b or e h i E 4-8 Preparation of a Balance She...
Matt7
Path: USC >> BISC >> 220L Spring, 2008
Description: BISC-220 SI Week 7 Bisc220SILeaders@gmail.com Leader: Matt www.usc.edu/si Chapter 9 Respiration (Part II): Fermentation/Control of Respiration Will cellular respiration ensue without oxygen? _ Explain why or why not! What two terms describe the c...
TJ7
Path: USC >> BISC >> 220L Spring, 2008
Description: Mad Dog Week 7 BISC 220 Supplemental Instruction www.usc.edu/si; bisc220sileaders@gmail.com Lecture 15 (and most of 16): Photosynthesis Our understanding of photosynthesis comes from some really sexy biochemistry. Unfortunately, we first must do a ...
TJ13
Path: USC >> BISC >> 220L Spring, 2008
Description: Mad Dog Week 13 BISC 220 Supplemental Instruction www.usc.edu/si; bisc220sileaders@gmail.com Exam: Friday, April 11th 1) Expansion of the lungs occurs in response to: a. elimination of elasticity within the lungs. b. relaxation of the diaphragm. c....
biology_notes_(B1-B11)
Path: USC >> BISC >> 220L Spring, 2008
Description: Biology- Herrara`s lecture Some definitions of physiology: 1) It is the study of the normal functioning of a living organism and its component parts, including all its chemical and physical processes. Silverthorn, in Human Physiology 2) Physiology i...
m245-sm2soln-f07
Path: USC >> MATH >> 245 Fall, 2007
Description: MATH 245 SAMPLE MIDTERM EXAM 2 SOLUTIONS Fall 2007 Prof. Alexander 4 y t2 (1) Normalize: y + 1 y - t = 4t, so g(t) = 4t. Wronskian W (t) = 4 t2 t-2 -3 = - . 2t -2t t Use variation of parameters: u1 (t) = - u2 (t) = Particular solution t3 4 Y (t) ...
m425b-ex1soln-s08
Path: USC >> MATH >> 245 Spring, 2008
Description: MATH 425b MIDTERM 1 SOLUTIONS SPRING 2008 Prof. Alexander (1)(a) Given > 0 let = 1/ . Then f E, |y - x| < = |f (y) - f (x)| |y - x| < = , i.e. this \"works\" uniformly over E. This shows E is equicontinuous. (b) Suppose fn E for all n and fn ...
m507b-finsoln-s08
Path: USC >> MATH >> 507A Spring, 2008
Description: MATH 507b TAKE-HOME FINAL EXAM SOLUTIONS SPRING 2008 Prof. Alexander (1)(a) Suppose an a. Then {Tan } is a bounded increasing sequence so Tan S for some finite S. Then an = BTan BS since Bt is continuous, so BS = a, and therefore S = Ta . Thus Tan T...
m507b-hw3soln-s08
Path: USC >> MATH >> 507A Spring, 2008
Description: MATH 507b ASSIGNMENT 3 SOLUTIONS SPRING 2008 Prof. Alexander Chapter 5: (1.2) 1 2 in two steps means 1 3 2, so p2 (1, 2) = p(1, 3)p(3, 2) = (.9)(.4) = .36. 2 3 in 3 steps means 2 1 3 3 or 2 2 1 3 or 2 1 1 3, so p3 (2, 3) = (.7)(.9)(.6) +...
m507b-hw4soln-s08
Path: USC >> MATH >> 507A Spring, 2008
Description: MATH 507b ASSIGNMENT 4 SOLUTIONS SPRING 2008 Prof. Alexander Chapter 5: (2.1) Let A (X0 , ., Xn ) and B (Xn , Xn+1 , .). Using Theorem 1.2 Chapter 4 (p. 224) and the Markov property, since 1A Fn we get P (A B | Xn ) = E (E (1A 1B | Fn ) | Xn ) = ...
m507b-hw2soln-s08
Path: USC >> MATH >> 507A Spring, 2008
Description: MATH 507b ASSIGNMENT 2 SOLUTIONS SPRING 2008 Prof. Alexander Chapter 4: (7.1) Let N = min{n : Xn > }, with N = if there is no such n. By Theorem 7.6, EX0 EXN {XN >} XN dP P (XN > ) = P (sup Xn > ), n so P (supn Xn > ) EX0 /. (7.2) By Theorem 4...
m507b-hw1soln-s08
Path: USC >> MATH >> 507A Spring, 2008
Description: MATH 507b ASSIGNMENT 1 SOLUTIONS SPRING 2008 Prof. Alexander (4.4) Fix n and define the bounded stopping time N = n min{k : |S)k| x}. Since 2 |m | K we have |SN | x + K, so ESN (x + K)2 . Also Es2 E(s2 1{N =n} ) = s2 P (N = n) s2 P (max |Sm | ...
m507b-hw8soln-s08
Path: USC >> MATH >> 507A Spring, 2008
Description: MATH 507b ASSIGNMENT 8 SOLUTIONS SPRING 2008 Prof. Alexander (1) The mean of I(f, t) = 0 f (s) dWs is 0 since it\'s a martingale and I(f, 0) = 0, so the t variance is EI(f, t)2 = 0 Ef (s)2 ds. In particular: (a) For f (s) = |Ws |1/2 , we have Ef (s)2 ...
m507b-hw6soln-s08
Path: USC >> MATH >> 507A Spring, 2008
Description: MATH 507b ASSIGNMENT 6 SOLUTIONS SPRING 2008 Prof. Alexander Chapter 7: (1.3) Let be N (0, t), so m,n has the distribution of 2-n/2 . We have E 2 = t, E( 2 - t)2 = 2t2 , so the r.v.\'s 2 - 2tn are i.i.d. with mean 0. Therefore m,n 2n 2 2n 2 E m=1 2...
m507b-hw7soln-s08
Path: USC >> MATH >> 507A Spring, 2008
Description: MATH 507b ASSIGNMENT 7 SOLUTIONS SPRING 2008 Prof. Alexander Chapter 7: (4.1)(i) Let u < v a and Ys () = 1{(t-s)(u,v)} for s < t, so we have YTa (Ta )1{Ta <t} = 1{(t)(u,v)} 1{Ta <t} . Note that (2a - v, 2a - u) is the \"mirror image\" of (u, v) relati...
m507b-hw5soln-s08
Path: USC >> MATH >> 507A Spring, 2008
Description: MATH 507b ASSIGNMENT 5 SOLUTIONS SPRING 2008 Prof. Alexander Chapter 5: (4.3) The stationary measure is unique up to constant multiples, which means the ratio of the stationary measure at any two points y and z doesn\'t depend on the base point, say y...
m507b-midsoln-s08
Path: USC >> MATH >> 507A Spring, 2008
Description: MATH 507b TAKE-HOME MIDTERM SOLUTIONS SPRING 2008 Prof. Alexander (1)(a) Since E(Yk | Fk-1 ) Yk-1 we have for k > n that E(Yk | Fn ) = E(E(Yk | Fk-1 ) | Fn ) E(Yk-1 | Fn ), so {E(Yk | Fn ), k n} is monotone nondecreasing a.s., so limk E(Yk | Fn ) ...
m507a-finsoln-f07
Path: USC >> MATH >> 507A Fall, 2007
Description: MATH 507a FINAL EXAM SOLUTIONS Fall 2007 Prof. Alexander (1) Sn /n (t) = Ee For fixed t, as n , t n n itSn /n = Sn t n 1 n n = t n n . = t 1 + (0) + o n e (0)t = eiat , so Sn /n a in distribution, hence also in probability. (2)(a) P...
Short_Assignment__1_-_Ban_Zhao (from Scott)
Path: USC >> HIST >> 106g Fall, 2007
Description: Name: Date: Course: Ban Zhao: The First Well-Educated Woman of Chinese History Ban Zhao was a very fortunate woman during the olden times of Han Dynasty. During those times, only females of much higher status in the society were able to receive educ...
Short_Assignment
Path: USC >> HIST >> 106g Fall, 2007
Description: Upon his visit to America, Liang had experienced the western life and culture. He had noticed some important changes that were essential for China adopt in order to transform into a modern nation. First and foremost, Liang thought that the instillmen...
History_Review_(Revised)
Path: USC >> HIST >> 106g Fall, 2007
Description: 3. Write an essay comparing the Nationalists/ GMD and the Communists/CCP from the 1920s to 1950. What sorts of people (from what social strata) tended to support each side? Along what sorts of issues and policies did they align? What do you think exp...
History_Review_(Revised)_ID
Path: USC >> HIST >> 106g Fall, 2007
Description: Ming Dynasty Zhu YuanZhang: (shrewd, hardworking, and ruthless) *Taizu of the Ming Dynasty; first peasant emperor to unify China. *Organize the central and local government around unpaid service * Didnt really trust the social officials, controlling ...
Essay__1 (from Scott)
Path: USC >> HIST >> 106g Fall, 2007
Description: 1 During the period of The Warring States, many countries were heavily involved in wars with one another. Kings were busy either conquering or defending the countries without spearing much thought for their people. This was when scholars of similar ...
