system: Integumentary skin, protect from environmental hazards, temperature control Lymphatic system organs: lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus Urinary system organs: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra Endocrine system organs: pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus, adrenal glands, kidneys, pancreas, gonads Respiratory system organs: nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli Lymphatic system: defense against infection and disease Diabetes: metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia (high glucose blood sugar). There are three main forms of diabetes: type 1, type 2 and gestational diabetes (or type 3, occurring during pregnancy) [1], although these share signs and symptoms but have different causes and population distributions. They are not a single disease or condition. Type 1 is generally due to autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing cells -- pancreatic beta cells -- while type 2 is characterized by tissue wide insulin resistance and varies widely. Gestational diabetes is due to a poorly understood interaction between fetal needs and maternal metabolic controls. Marasmus: a form of severe protein-energy malnutrition characterized by calorie deficiency and energy deficiency. Marasmus occurrence increases prior to age 1. The signs are common characteristics of protein-energy malnutrition: dry skin, loose skin folds. Kwashiorkor: Childhood malnutrition caused by insufficient protein intake, only carbs and starches. Kwashiorkor occurrence increases after 18 months. Covalent bonds: Share electrons, strongest Ionic bonds: Transfer electrons, strong Hydrogen bonds: weak Exchange reaction: parts of the reacting molecules are shuffled around. AB + CD -> AD + CB High pH is basic hydrogen ion concentration Low pH is acidic (7 is neutral) Diabetic coma: a medical emergency in which a person with diabetes mellitus is comatose (unconscious) because of one of the acute complications of diabetes: 1. Severe diabetic hypoglycemia 2. Advanced diabetic ketoacidosis advanced enough to result in unconsciousness from a combination of severe hyperglycemia, dehydration and shock, and exhaustion 3. Hyperosmolar nonketotic coma in which extreme hyperglycemia and dehydration alone are sufficient to cause unconsciousness. Glucose: C6H12O6 Isomer: Monosaccharide: simple sugar, carbohydrate with three to seven carbons (glucose) Polysaccharide: Three or more monosaccharide Disaccharide: Two simple sugars joined together (sucrose) Ketoacidosis: a type of metabolic acidosis which is caused by high concentrations of keto acids, formed by the deamination of amino acids. This is most common in untreated type 1 diabetes mellitus, when the liver breaks down fat and proteins in response to a perceived need for respiratory substrate. Glucose is a monosaccharide that composes glycogen Double bonds in fatty acids make unsaturated fatty acids
Types of fatty acids: a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid often with a long unbranched aliphatic tail (chain), which is either saturated or unsaturated. Types: hormones, histamines, essential fatty acids, trans-fatty acids. Layers of skin: Epidermis surface, stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum germinativum, basement membrane. avascular Dermis papillary layer, reticular layer, collagen (lines of cleavage) Subcutaneous hypodermis, fat, nerves, blood vessels Burns: 1st degree redness, minor pain, epidermis 2nd degree clear fluid, blister, more/less painful with nerves, dermis 3rd degree charring of skin, painless, subcutaneous layer Junctions: A desmosome is a cell structure specialized for cell-to-cell adhesion. A type of junctional complex, they are localized spot-like adhesions randomly arranged on the lateral sides of plasma membranes. A gap junction is a junction between certain animal cell-types that allows different molecules and ions to pass freely between cells. The junction connects the cytoplasm of cells. Tight junctions are the associated closely areas of two cells whose membranes join together forming a virtual impermeable barrier to fluid. Belt desmosomes form bands that encircle a cell. Filaments of terminal web. Button desmosomes are small discs connected to bands of intermediate fibers. Stabilize shape of cell. Epithelial cells: cellularity, polarity, attachment, avascularity, regeneration. Connective: bone, fat, blood. All contain specialized cells, extracellular protein fibers, ground substance fluid (matrix) Neural: neurons, neuroglia, soma, dendrites, axon, nerve fibers Muscle: skeletal, cardiac, smooth Epithelia: Simple squamous: alveoli, lining of body cavities Stratified squamous: mouth, vagina Simple cuboidal: glands, kidneys, tubules Stratified cuboidal: linings of ducts Transitional: urinary bladder Simple columnar: lining of stomach, gallbladder, intestines Pseudostratified cilated columnar: nasal cavity, bronchi Stratified columnar: pharynx, epiglottis, anus, urethra Warts: Common tumors caused by a virus, the human papillomavirus (HPV) Epithelia secretion: Holocrine: destroys gland cell, cell bursts Apocrine: involves loss of cytoplasm with secreted product Merocrine: products released through exocytosis, most common Piloerrection: Erector pili are tiny muscle fibers attached to each hair follicle, which contract to make the hairs stand on end, causing goose bumps.
Primary tumors: the name used when the tumor has originated in the same organ, and has not metastasized to it. Secondary tumors: when the tumor has not originated in the same organ, it has metastasized to it. MOCE? Arthritis: Osteoarthritis (OA, also known as degenerative arthritis or degenerative joint disease, and sometimes referred to as "arthrosis" or "osteoarthrosis" or in more colloquial terms "wear and tear"), is a condition in which low-grade inflammation results in pain in the joints, caused by wearing of the cartilage that covers and acts as a cushion inside joints. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is traditionally considered a chronic, inflammatory autoimmune disorder that causes the immune system to attack the joints. Ankylosing spondylitis (AS; also known as Bechterew's disease; Bechterew syndrome; Marie Strmpell disease / Marie Struempell disease / Spondyloarthritis) is a chronic, painful, progressive inflammatory arthritis primarily affecting spine and sacroiliac joints, causing eventual fusion of the spine. Bamboo or railroad spine. Fractures: o Green stick: only one side of shaft is broken, other is bent o Compound (open): bone penetrates skin o Pott's fracture: occurs in ankle, affects both bones of leg o Comminuted: Shatter bone o Compression: occur in vertebrae o Smith: wrist flexion o Colles: wrist extension Bone Aspects: o Trochanter: large, rough projection o Epiphysis: ends of bone o Diaphysis: shaft o Metaphysis: connect shaft and ends o Condyle: smooth, round articulate surface o Tuberosity: small, rough projection o Tubercle: small, rounded projection Spondylolisthesis: the anteroposterior translatory movement of two spinal vertebrae in relationship to each other caused by instability between the two involved vertebrae. The instability can be caused by degenerative changes of the facet joints Joints: fibrous - bones are connected by collagen. cartilaginous - bones are connected by cartilage. synovial - there is a space (synovial cavity) between the articulating bones synarthrosis - permit no movement. amphiarthrosis - permit little movement. diarthrosis - permit a variety of movements Orthopedic tests: Posterior Drawers: cruciate ligament test, push tibia Anterior Drawers: cruciate ligament test, pull tibia
Apple's Distraction: stabilize leg, pull on tibia, check lateral and collateral cruciate ligaments. Apple's Compression: push down on foot, turn, miniscus Urgenson's test: Pull elbow, twist laterally, test stability of biceps tendon SKULL, sphenoid, projections, ovales Vitamins for bones: Vitamin C (deficiency: scurvy) and Vitamin D (deficiency: Rickets)