Preventing Contraception
Contraceptives
Definition.
conception by blocking the female's egg from uniting with the male's sperm, thereby preventing pregnancy. Modern contraception are much more predictable and effective than in the past. Many play a role in the prevention against sexually transmitted diseases
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Chapter 6
Principles of Contraception
Based on the physiology of reproduction Types: Barrier, Hormonal, Natural Methods, and Surgical Factors affecting choice
Advantages and disadvantages
Effectiveness
Chapter 6
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Oral contraceptives (OCs): "The Pill"
Estrogen and progesterone taken orally Mimics the hormonal activity of the corpus luteum Most common is the combination pill Extended-cycle pill "Minipill" Advantages Disadvantages Side effects Effectiveness:
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Chapter 6
Contraceptive Skin Patch
Thin 13/4 inch square patch Releases estrogen and progestin slowly into the bloodstream. Prevention the same way as OCs Worn for one week, replaced on the same day for 3 consecutive weeks. Fourth week no patch Advantages Disadvantages Effectiveness
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Chapter 6
Vaginal Contraceptive Ring
The NuvaRing Resembles the rim of a diaphragm and is molded with progestin and estrogen 2 inch ring slowly releases the hormones During fourth week, remove the ring and use a new ring after the fourth week. Advantages Disadvantages Effectiveness
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Chapter 6
Contraceptive Implants
Norplant; Jadelle (Norplant II); Implanon (2006)
Chapter 6
Hormonal method 6 flexible matchstick capsules Protection for 5 years Progestin inhibits ovulation Advantages Disadvantages Side effects Effectiveness:
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Injectable Contraceptive
Depo-Provera, Lunelle (2002 voluntary recall)
Hormonal treatment Injectable progestin every 12 weeks Advantages Disadvantage Side effects
period will subside - ovaries will not release egg It may take 12 months before cycle will return
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Chapter 6
Effectiveness
Emergency Contraceptive
Postcoital Pill, Morning After Pill, Plan B (OTC)
Use a EPT kit Most common is the two dose regimen Prevents uterine implantation Needs to be taken within 72 hours. Best used within 24 hours Intrauterine Device
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Chapter 6
Intrauterine Device (IUD)
T-380A (ParaGard) 10 years of protection
Copper
Levonorgestral (Mirena) 5 years of protection
Release small amounts of progestin
Not exactly sure how it prevents pregnancy Advantages Disadvantages Effectiveness
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Chapter 6
Chapter 6
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Male Condoms
Thin latex sheaths Protection against STD's Advantages Disadvantages Effectiveness
Use with spermicide
Chapter 6
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Chapter 6
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Female Condom
Reality Brand Polyurethane sheath with two flexible rings Advantages Disadvantage Effectiveness
Chapter 6
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Chapter 6
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The Diaphragm with Spermicide
Dome shaped cup of thin rubber stretched over a collapsible metal ring. Custom fit Following intercourse Advantages Disadvantages
Toxic shock syndrome (TSS)
Chapter 6
Effectiveness Lea's Shield
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Cervical Cap
Small rubber or plastic cap Must use foam kit Advantages Disadvantage
Chapter 6
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Contraceptive Sponge
Why they were withdrawn from the market Round, absorbent device about 2 inches in diameter Advantages Disadvantages Effectiveness
Chapter 6
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Vaginal Spermicide
How it works Advantages Disadvantages Effectiveness
Chapter 6
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Chapter 6
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Abstinence, Fertility Awareness, and Withdrawal
Abstinence
Without intercourse or sexual activities Benefits: more self respect and respect for others. Security that you are being pursued for sexual reasons. Less worry about STDs and Pregnancy.
Chapter 6
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The Fertility Awareness Method (FAM)
FAM
Calendar method Temperature method Mucus method
Withdrawal Combining methods
Chapter 6
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Chapter 6
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Male Sterilization: Vasectomy
Chapter 6
Severing of the vasa deferentia May return to work in 2 days Semen tested in 12 weeks or 20 ejaculations Reversal varies between 80% to 50%, depending on the report. Complication rate Effectiveness
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Female Sterilization
Tubal sterilization (laparoscopy) is most common Essure system (2002)
Sprng-like metallic implants causing scarring blocking the Fallopian tubes
Hysterectomy Surgical cases Complication rate Reversibility
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Chapter 6
Chapter 6
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Issues in Contraception
When is it Okay to Begin Having Sexual Relations?
Society's approach Changing of attitudes with the changing of time. Answering personal questions.
Contraception and Gender Differences Sexuality and Contraception Education for Teenagers
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Chapter 6
Which Contraceptive Method is Right for You?
Appropriate method of birth control
Individual health risks Implications of unplanned pregnancy Risks of STDs Convenience and comfort level Type of relationship Ease and Cost Religious or other philosophical beliefs
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Chapter 6