LECTURE 16 - DEMAND AND SUPPLY FOR FOSSIL FUELS 1.0 U.S. AND WORLD ENERGY PRODUCTION NATURAL GAS PETROLEUM COAL HYDROPOWER NUCLEAR POWER 2.0 EXTENSION OF OIL AND GAS RESOURCES OIL U.S. OIL PAST PRODUCTION OF ABOUT 55 BILLION BARRELS PROVEN RESERVES ABOUT 25-30 BILLION BARRELS LOW PROBABILITY DISCOVERIES FOR NEW MAJOR ALASKA DISCOVERY - 10 BILLION BARRELS (REPRESENTS 2 YEARS SUPPLY FOR U.S.) EAST COAST SIGNIFICANT OF U.S. NOTHING WEST COAST RESTRICTED GULF COAST PARTLY RESTRICTED PROVEN DECLINE RESERVES CONTINUE TO ANTICIPATED?? RESERVES ABOUT 85 BILLION BARRELS CURRENTLY CONSUMES PRODUCTION 25% OF WORLD'S CURRENTLY IMPORTS OVER 40% OF OIL CONSUMED WORLD OIL PAST PRODUCTION 650 BILLION BARRELS (U.S. 8%) RESERVES ABOUT 950 BILLION BARRELS (U.S. 3%) ANTICIPATED RESERVES ABOUT 1450 B. BARRELS (U.S. 6%) RESERVES WILL LAST FOR APPROX. 20-30 YEARS MOST RESERVES IN POLITICALLY SENSITIVE AREAS MAJOR NEW FIELDS OFFSHORE IN DEEP WATER DISTRIBUTION PROBLEMS ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY PRIMARY RECOVERY (APPROX 30%) SECONDARY RECOVERY WATER OR GAS DRIVING STEAM DRIVING FRACTURING DETERGENTS SLANT DRILLING ECONOMIC FACTORS CONSERVATION PRACTICES ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS DRILLING AND TRANSPORTATION SPILLS 10,000 REPORTED PER YEAR IN U.S. MANY MORE UNREPORTED NATURAL GAS U.S. NATURAL GAS SUPPLY/DEMAND PICTURE SIMILAR TO OIL U.S. SUPPLY EXPECTED TO BE USED UP IN DECADES MAJOR TRANSPORTATION DIFFICULTIES LIQUIFIED NATURAL GAS GEOPRESSURIZED ZONES? 1,000'S METERS DEEP GAS DISSOLVED IN PORE WATER POSSIBLE NATURAL GAS SOURCE? 150-2,000 TRILLION CUBIC FEET? HOW TO ACCESS RESOURCE IS NOT CLEAR METHANE HYDRATES? CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS OF GAS &amp; WATER MOLECULES ABUNDANT IN ARCTIC MARINE SEDS. POSSIBLE NATURAL GAS SOURCE HOW TO TAP RESOURCE IS NOT CLEAR 3.0 EXTENSION OF COAL RESOURCES FUTURE PROSPECTS U.S. RESERVES FOR APPROX. 200 YEARS 30% OF WORLD'S RESERVES FUEL LIMITATIONS GASIFICATION AND LIQUEFICATION HEATING COAL TOGETHER WITH STEAM OR HYDROGEN GAS GERMANY, SOUTH AFRICA U.S. PROGRAMS LIMITED IMPROVED TECHNOLOGY? ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS STRIP MINING ACID MINE DRAINAGE SILTATION MINE COLLAPSE RADON GAS CO2 PRODUCTION SULFUR CONTENT ASH PROBLEM 4.0 OIL SHALE AND TAR SAND FUTURE PROSPECTS OIL SHALE COULD YIELD TWICE THE OIL EVER PRODUCED U.S. HAS 2/3 OF WORLDS SUPPLY OF OIL SHALE OR 2-5 TRILLION BARRELS 100-200 BILLION BARRELS OF TAR OIL IN CANADA STRIP MINING 3 BARRELS OF OIL SHALE/TON OF SHALE 25 TO 50 GALLONS OF SAND OIL/TON OF SAND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ENHANCED EROSION 20-30% INCREASE IN SHALE VOLUME <a href="/keyword/water-shortage/" >water shortage</a> IN MINED AREAS IN SITU HEATING AND EXTRACTION?