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coordinate_systems
Course: PLAN 714, Fall 2008School: UNC
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with Working Coordinate Systems in ArcGIS AmandaHenley GISLibrarian DavisLibraryReference Modeling the Earth TheEarthisnotaperfectsphere ItisanOblateSpheroid DifferentSpheroidshavebeendevisedto modeltheearththeyaredistinguishedby thelengthoftheiraxes: Semi Major Axis Semi Minor Axis Geographic Coordinate Systems Locationsaredefined ona3Dspherical surface Madeupofgraticules ratherthangridcells...
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with Working Coordinate Systems in ArcGIS
AmandaHenley GISLibrarian DavisLibraryReference
Modeling the Earth
TheEarthisnotaperfectsphere ItisanOblateSpheroid DifferentSpheroidshavebeendevisedto modeltheearththeyaredistinguishedby thelengthoftheiraxes:
Semi Major Axis Semi Minor Axis
Geographic Coordinate Systems
Locationsaredefined ona3Dspherical surface Madeupofgraticules ratherthangridcells Unitsareindegrees
ImageSource:UnderstandingCoordinateSystems,ESRI2000: http://its.unc.edu/gis/arcgis/pc_documentation_83/Understanding_Map_Projections.pdf
Geographic Coordinate Systems
Notuniform:
Distancesand measuresarenot accurate
MeridiansConverge NearPoles 1longitude:
@Equator=111km @60lat.=55.8km @90lat.=0km
Distanceof60longatequator vs. Distanceof60longat40latitude
OriginalImageSource:www.learner.org/jnorth/tm/DistanceLatLong.html
Geographic Coordinate Systems
UseDecimalDegrees(angles),3digitsorless NorthAmerica:
WestofthePrimeMeridian,soLongitude(X)isnegative NorthoftheEquator,soLatitude(Y)ispositive
GeographicCoordinateSystemsinclude
ADatum AnangularUnitofMeasure(degrees) APrimeMeridian
ImageSource:[http://support.esri.com/index.cfm?fa=knowledgebase.techarticles.articleShow&d=29129].
Datums
Linkaspheroidtoalocationontheearth Definetheoriginandorientationofthe coordinatesystemsusedtomaptheearth
Geodetic Datums
Therearemanydatums
Local:
Global
NAD27Datum,usesClarke1866spheroid NAD83Datum,usesGRS1980spheroid WGS84Datum,usesWGS1984spheroid
Inadditiontobeinginthesameprojection,data themesmustalsobeinthesamedatum.
Source: Peter H. Dana, The Geographer's Craft Project, Department of Geography, The University of Colorado at Boulder [http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/datum/datum_f.html] Accessed: 01/25/06
Datum Errors May Be Difficult to See
In this case, the boundaries are roughly 32 meters off: datum shifts are not uniform Errors up to 1 km can result from confusing one datum for another
Datum Transformations ArcGIS 9.2
NAD1927toNAD1983 forareasinthe48contiguousstates
Code AreaofUse UnitedStates(contiguous48statesCONUS)
Name NAD_1927_To_NAD_1983_NADCON 1241
WGS1984toNAD1983 Code forareasinthe48contiguousstates
1515 AreaofUse UnitedStates
Name NAD_1983_To_WGS_1984_5
Therearemanytransformationstochosefrom,eachisappropriatefordifferentareas.
Data in a Geographic Coordinate System
Projected Coordinate Systems
ProjectedCoordinateSystems mathematicallytransformthe3 dimensionalearthsothatitcanbe modeledin2dimensions. Thisresultsindistortion Differentprojectionsareusedfordifferent areasandpurposes
Map projections: Distortion
Convertingfrom3Dglobetoflatsurface causesdistortion Typesofdistortion
Shape Area Distance Direction
Noprojectioncanpreserveallfourofthese spatialproperties Ifsomepropertiesaremaintained, errorsinothersmaybeexaggerated
Families of Projections
Planar/Azimuthal Cylindrical Conical
Commonly Used Projected Coordinate Systems
StatePlaneacoordinatesystemthat dividestheUnitedStates,PuertoRicoand U.S.VirginIslandsinto>120zones. NorthCarolinaStatePlaneMeters, NAD83isusedbytheNorthCarolina CGIA NCStatePlaneFeet,NAD83isusedby mostlocaldataproviders.
U.S. State Plane Zones
ImageSource:http://www.warnercnr.colostate.edu/class_info/nr502/lg3/datums_coordinates/spcs.html,AccessedJanuary27,2006.
Georgia State Plane Meters East and West
North Carolina State Plane Meters and Feet
Commonly Used Proj...
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