Scrambling, Formal/Syntax resumption and scope of Neg It has been observed that the scope relation between Neg and QP is ambiguous (Kuno 1980) ((1)). The ambiguity continues to obtain in the 'scrambled' counterparts ((2)). However, the ambiguity disappears in (3); cf. (2b). In this paper I will provide an account of the absence of the Neg>QP reading in (3) and explore its implications. It has been agreed that the 'scrambled object' in Japanese (henceforth ScramObj) shows A'-properties (e.g., reconstruction effects as in (4a)) and A-properties (the absence of weak crossover effects as in (4b)) (Saito 1992, Ueyama 1998, among others). One might thus attribute the absence of Neg>QP in (3) to the blocking of 'quantifier-lowering' by Neg for the A-moved NP (May 1997), under the thesis, pursued in Miyagawa 2001, for example, that the A-properties of ScramObj come from A-movement. As Lasnik and Saito (1991) suggest, LF-lowering of the A-moved subject is blocked by the negative predicate; while (5a) allows the reading in (6a) (May 1977), (5b) does not allow the reading in (6b). Thus the absence of Neg>QP in (3) can be accounted for if we assume that the ScramObj with A-properties (henceforth A-ScramObj) is moved to its surface position by A-movement from its theta-position inside the VP (or vP), provided that Neg is in the VP-adjoined position at LF. This account crucially relies on the thesis that A-properties come from A-movement. The A-movement analysis, however, faces a serious problem if we consider the observation involving 'resumption'. As in (7), what appears to be resumption is possible (e.g., Hoji 2003) (cf. (4b)), but not in (8) (cf. (4a)), and crucially the object in (7) cannot be in the scope of Neg ((9)). Thus 'resumption' seems compatible with A-properties but not with A'-properties. This observation is problematic to the A-movement analysis of the A-ScramObj since it is inconsistent with the general assumption that A-movement does not leave resumption. If we adopt the base-generation analysis of Ueyama 1998 for the A-ScramObj, on the other hand, the possibility of the 'resumption' is precisely what is expected, as discussed in Ueyama 1998, and Hoji 2003. Given the base-generation analysis, the absence of Neg>QP in (3) is also as expected; the A-ScramObj in (3) is never in the c-command domain of Neg throughout the derivation but the intended 'binding' would require that the ScramObj originate in the object position inside the VP. If the intended 'binding' is eliminated, Neg>QP is available, as seen in (2b). Finally, the absence of Neg>Q in (3) argues against Saito's (2003) derivational account of the ambiguous status of ScramObj; under Saito 2003, nothing prevents a given ScramObj from exhibiting A-properties and A'-properties simultaneously since the relevant formal relation underlying those properties can be established/licensed derivationally; cf. Mahajan 1991. We can also construct a similar argument based on scope interpretation, making crucial reference to the availability of scope reconstruction depending on the presence/absence of 'resumption', and the availability of Neg>QP, corroborating the conclusion reached above; see (10)-(11).
(1) a. b. (2) a. b. (3) (4) a. b. (5) a. (6) a. b. (7)
[QP itutuizyoo-no ginkoo ]-ga
5:or:more-GEN bank-NOM
Toyota-ni
Toyota-DAT
yuusisi-nak-atta (koto)
finace-Neg-Past (Comp)
'Five or more banks did not finance Toyota.' 5-or-more>Neg, Neg>5-or-more UFJ-ginkoo-ga [QP itutuizyoo-no kigyoo ]-ni yuusisi-nak-atta (koto)
UFJ Bankt-NOM company-DAT 5:or:more-GEN finance-Neg-Past (Comp)
'UFJ Bank did not finance five or more companies.' 5-or-more>Neg, Neg>5-or-more Toyota-ni [QP itutuizyoo-no ginkoo ]-ga yuusisi-nak-atta (koto) Toyota-DAT 5:or:more-GEN bank-NOM finace-Neg-Past (Comp) (QP>Neg, Neg>QP) [QP itutuizyoo-no kigyoo ]-ni UFJ-ginkoo-ga yuusisi-nak-atta (koto) 5:or:more-GEN company-DAT UFJ Bankt-NOM finance-Neg-Past (Comp) (QP>Neg, Neg>QP) [Itutuizyoo-no kigyoo]QP1-ni [ soko-no torihiki-ginkoo]-ga yuusisi-nak-atta.
5:or:more-GEN-company-DAT it-GE-dealing:bank-NOM finance-Neg-Past
'To five or more companies, its own bank did not finance.' with BVA, *Neg > QP1 Sokoi-no torihikisaki-ni [itutuizyoo-no kigyoo]QP1-ga kitaidoori tousisi-ta.
it-GEN client-DAT 5:or:more-GEN company-NOM expectedly invest-Past
'To itsi client, [each of five or more companies]i invested expectedly.' ok BVA [Itutuizyoo-no kigyoo]QP1-ni sokoi-no torihikisaki-ga kitaidoori tousisi-ta.
5:or:more-GEN company-DAT it-GEN client-NOM expectedly
invest-Past
'To [each of five or more companies]i, itsi client invested expectedly.' ok BVA Someone is likely to address the rally. / b. Someone is unlikely to address the rally. It is likely that someone will address the rally. It is unlikely that someone will address the rally. [Itutuizyoo-no kigyoo]QP1-ni sokoi-no torihikisaki-ga kitaidoori soko-ni tousisi-ta.
5:or:more-GEN company-DAT it-GEN client-NOM expectedly it-DAT
invest-Past
'To five or more companiesi, itsi client invested to it expectedly.' (with BVA)
(FN. The 'resumption' is accepted by the majority of the speakers who I have consulted with (9 out of 14) although some find it less than perfect.)
(8) (9) (10)
*Sokoi-no torihikisaki-ni
it-GEN client-DAT
[itutuizyoo-no kigyoo]i-ga
5:or:more-GEN bank-NOM it-GEN client-NOM
kitaidoori
expectedly
soko-ni
it-DAT it-DAT
tousisi-ta.
invest-Past invest-Neg-Past
[Itutuizyoo-no kigyoo]QP1-ni
5:or:more-GEN company-DAT
sokoi-no torihikisaki-ga
kitaidoori
expectedly
soko-ni tousisi-nak-atta. soko-ni
it-DAT
with BVA(QP1, soko), * Neg > QP1, ok QP1 > Neg [Mittuizyoo-no kigyoo]Q...