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... matter Measuring - Some units refer to a specific number of things Pair, Dozen - Some units refer to the mass of things Kg - Other units refer to the volume of things Bushel - These units are related because one can convert between them The mole - A mole of a substance represents 6.02 1023 representative particles of that substance - Avagadro s Number: The experimentally determined number 6.02 1023 - Representative particle: refers to the species present...
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matter Measuring - Some units refer to a specific number of things Pair, Dozen - Some units refer to the mass of things Kg - Other units refer to the volume of things Bushel - These units are related because one can convert between them The mole - A mole of a substance represents 6.02 1023 representative particles of that substance - Avagadro s Number: The experimentally determined number 6.02 1023 - Representative particle: refers to the species present in a substance Usually atoms, molecules, or formula units (ions) Representative particle of most elements is one atom Representative particle of hoffinbrinkles and all molecular compounds is one molecule A mole is Avagadro s number of representative particles of any substance - To find the number of atoms in a mole of a compound, you must determine the number of atoms in a representative formula of that compound The gram formula mass - Gram Atomic Mass (gam): atomic mass of an element expressed in grams - The gram atomic masses of any two elements must contain the same number of atoms - The mole is defined as the amount of substance that contains as many representative particles as then umber of atoms in 12.0g of carbon-12 - The gram atomic msas is the mass of one mole of atoms in any element - Gram Molecular Mass (gmm) of any molecular compound is the mass of one mole of that compound. - Gram Formula Mass (gmm) of any ionic compound is that mass of one mole of that compound The molar mass of a substance - The term molar mass can be used instead of gram formula mass to refer to the mass of a mole of any element or compound - If you are given the chemical formula, think in terms of the gram formula mass. It will work for atoms, molecules, ions, or formula units. Mole-Mass Conversions - The gram formula mass of an element or compound is used to convert grams of a substance into moles Grams A (1 mol A/gfm A) = mol A - The gram formula mass can also be used to convert moles of a substance into grams Mol B (gfm B/1 mol B) = grams B Volume of a mole of gas - The volume of gas varies with a change in temperature or pressure usually measured in standard temperature and pressure (STP) Standard temp. is 0 C Standard pressure is 101.3 kPa or 1 atmosphere (atm) - At STP, 1 mol of any gas occupies a volume of 22.4 L This quantity is known as molar volume of a gas and is measured at STP. 22.4 L of any gas at STP contains 6.02 1023 representative particles that of gas Gas density and the gram molecular mass - Density of a gas is usually measured in the units g/L - The experimentally determined density of a gas at STP is used to calculate the gram formula mass of that gas - The gas can be an element or compound Converting between units with moles - To change from one units to another, you use the mole as an intermediate step - The form of the conversion factor depends on whenter you are going from moles or to moles - You use the mole conversion factor in the same way you would use the unit dozen to convert among mass, volume, and number Calculating percent composition - percent composition: the percent by mass of each element in a compound - calculating percent composition of element in compound: % mass of element E = (grams of element E/grams of compound) 100% - calculating percent composition of a known compound: % mass = (grams of element in 1 mol of compound/gfm of compound) 100% the subscripts in a the formula of the compound are used to calculate the grams of each particular element in a mole of that compound - Using percent composition to calculate the number of grams of an element in a specific amount of a compound: Multiply mass of compound by a conversion factor that is based on the percent composition Calculating empirical formulas - Empirical formula: gives the lowest whole-number ration of the atoms of the elements in a compound - Using mole interpretation, an empirical formula is the lowest whole-number ration of moles of atoms that combine to form a compound - Not always same as molecular formula if different, molecular formula is a simple multiple of the empirical formula - Steps to calculate empirical formulas Convert percent to mass (multiply by 100) Convert ratio of masses to ratio of moles (using conversion factors based on the gram atomic mass of each element) Divide both molar quantities by the smaller number of moles If both numbers are not whole numbers, multiply each part of the ration by a number to convert the fraction to a whole number Calculating molecular formulas - You can determine the molecular formula of a compound if you know its empirical formula and its gfm - From empirical formula you can calculate empirical formula mass (gfm of the empirical formula) - The known gfm is then divided by the empirical formula mass this gives the number of empirical formula units in a molecule of the compound and is the multiplier to convert the empirical formula to the molecular formula
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IHD
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