03 Project Chapter 3
Fall 2008 Math 18
Main Directions: Today we will start working on our third project. Use each other or me for reference as needed. When completed, a group will hand in a single copy of the project which includes all group members names and their particular task for the project. One group will be chosen at random to share their results. Encouraging Quote: Dear Mr. President, There are too many states nowadays. Please eliminate three. P.S. I am not a crackpot.---Grandpa Simpson Chapter 3 Project: U.S. Energy Flows Copyright 2007, Joe Hull and Greg Langkamp, Seattle Central Community College. Edited by Joe Kudrle 2007 Group Names Name _________________________ Name _________________________ Name _________________________ Name _________________________
Background: The attached diagram shows energy production and end-use consumption data for all major sectors in the United States for the year 2002this is the most recent year that I could find. The diagram was produced by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory using data provided by the Energy Information Administration, a division of the U.S. Department of Energy. Reading the chart: In the diagram, follow the flow of energy by moving left to right. On the far left are energy values given by basic energy sources: Electricity Imports, Nuclear, Hydro, Biomass, Coal, etc. The four white boxes towards the right (residential/commercial, industrial, etc) are the four end-use sectors of energy consumption. Some of the basic source energy is first converted to electricity before it is transmitted to the four end-use sectors, as shown by the white box labeled Electric Power Sector. On the far right the diagram indicates the amount of energy that is lost (shown in gray) and the amount that is used for its intended purpose (shown in yellow). The width of each energy flow (pipeline) is in direct proportion to the amount of energy in that flow. Ignore the Bal. no. Units: All energy measurements on the diagram have units of quadrillion British thermal units (BTU). The header on the top of the chart states that Net Primary Resource Consumption is approximately 97 Quads this is energy-speak for 97 quadrillion BTUs. One quadrillion is 1015 when written in scientific notation. One BTU is the quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water by 1 at or near F 39.2 Some approximate conversion factors are given below. F. Fuel 1 ton of coal 1 barrel (42 gallons) of crude oil 1 cubic foot of natural gas 1 kilowatt-hour of electricity Energy Content (BTU) 21,400,000 5,800,000 1,000 3,400
Precision: In most cases, the numbers on the chart have been rounded to 1 decimal place (tenth of a Quad). Because of this rounding, the total Quads listed next to each production sector and end-use sector might not exactly equal the sum of the individual componentsdont worry! Directions: Obtain a map of the energy flow graph, and then work through the following questions. Show all steps that you take to make your computations, and phrase any answers using sentences and paragraphs. Always show and label units whenever appropriate. You may use Q as an abbreviation for Quads.
ENERGY SOURCES 1. Sources/Production of U.S. Energy a) Seven sources of energy and their quantities are shown on the diagram. Rank these energy sources from highest to lowest in Quads, and fill in the rest of the table. Round any percentage values to two decimal places. Energy Source 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Total b) Construct a bar graph highlighting the seven energy sources and the percentage of the total that each one occupies. Make sure that your graph is neat, has a title, and is clearly labeled. 2. Petroleum and NGPL Quads % of Total
NGPL stands for Natural Gas Plant Liquids; these are hydrocarbon liquids obtained when natural gas is extracted from the ground. Because of their liquid state, NGPL are combined with petroleum (oil). a) How many Quads of petroleum and NGPL energy were supplied by both domestic and foreign sources in 2002?
b) How many barrels of petroleum and NGPL is the amount identified in (a)? How many gallons? Show all work and write your answers in scientific notation using 3 decimal places. c) The U.S. imports a large portion of its oil from foreign countries. The average price of a barrel of oil in 2002 was about $22.81 per barrel. Use this to calculate the total amount of money that the U.S. spent on foreign oil in 2002. Show all work and write your answers in scientific notation using 3 decimal places.
d) The price of a barrel of oil has skyrocketed in the past year. Find the current price for a barrel of oil and assume that this will be the average selling price in 2008. Use this to calculate the total amount of money that the U.S. will spend on foreign oil in 2008 if the imports in 2008 are equivalent to the imports from 2002. Show all work and write your answers in scientific notation using 3 decimal places. 3. Natural Gas a) Like petroleum, natural gas is obtained by drilling into underground hydrocarbon reservoirs. Hydrocarbon liquids and undesirable gases are extracted; whats left is predominantly methane
(swamp gas). What is the total energy amount contained in both domestic and imported natural gas supplies? b) How many cubic feet of gas is that? Show all work and write your answers in scientific notation using 3 decimal places. c) Its a little know fact that Giants Stadium has a volume of 6.45 107 ft 3 ; how many times could Giants Stadium be completely filled using natural gas consumed by the U.S. in 2002? Show all work and write your answer to the nearest whole number.
d) Complete the table with the amount of natural gas energy that flows directly to each sector. To compute percentages, use the total of 23.2 Quads. Round the percentage answers to two decimal places.
Energy Sector Electric Power Sector Residential/Commercial Industrial Nonfuel Transportation Total 4. Fossil Fuels and Renewable Energy
a)
Amount of Energy
Percent of Total
23.2 Quads
100%
What is a fossil fuel and which of the seven sources of energy production are based on fossil fuels?
b) What is a renewable energy and which of the seven sources of energy production represent renewable energy sources? c) What percentage of the energy total source is due to renewables? Round the percentage answer to two decimal places.
ELECTRIC ENERGY 5. Analysis of the Electric Power Sector
Many sources of energy flow into the electric power sector which then distributes electricity to the residential/commercial, industrial, and transportation sectors. Petroleum, coal, natural gas and biomass are burned in conventional power plants to produce heat to boil water. The steam from the boiling water spins turbines which then produce electricity. Nuclear fuels can be used to produce electricity in much the same way: nuclear reactions in power plants make the heat which boils the water which spins the turbines which produces the electricity. Both conventional-electric and nuclear-electric power plants are highly inefficienta large amount of the fuel energy is lost in the process of making electricity and some is lost during transmission along electrical lines. a) The diagram indicates that the electric power sector converted various sources to 38.2 Quads of electrical energy in 2002. What were the top two sources of energy for the electric power sector? Compare the two top sources. Is one better than the other? Explain.
b) How many Quads of electricity were successfully distributed from power plants, and how many Quads were lost at the power plants? The efficiency of an energy system is the percentage of the total energy used for the intended purpose. Determine the immediate efficiency of the U.S. electric power sector. Note: The immediate efficiency ignores losses after distribution. Please round the percentage answer to two decimal places. c) Natural gas currently contributes 5.7 Quads of energy to the Electric Power sector. Assuming that energy losses in the Electrical Power sector are independent of the source, how many Quads of natural gasses 5.7 Quad contribution are immediately lost by the electric power sector? Please round your answer to three decimal places.
d) Notice that very little electricity is distributed to the transportation sector. Give two practical reasons why this is so. Be creative and do a bit of research!
CONSUMPTION/END USE SECTORS 6. Residential/Commercial Sector
a) This sector includes residences, religious and non-profit organizations, and educational and governmental institutions. The Residential and Commercial sector consumes 19.6 Quads of energy from five sources, through five different pathways. Fill in the table below with these five energy sources, their individual energy amounts, and the amounts expressed as a percent of the total. Use the total of 19.6 Quads when computing the percentages. Please round the percentage answers to two decimal places.
Energy Forms/Sources
Quads
% of Total
Total
19.6
100%
b) Construct a pie graph highlighting the five energy sources and the percentage of the total that each one occupies. Make sure that your graph is neat, has a title, and is clearly labeled. c) Roughly sixty years ago, in 1950, the largest source energy feeding into to the Residential/Commercial sector came from coal, about 38%. Now things are much different. Fastforward another sixty years to 2070, from which energy source do you think the Residential/Commercial sector will draw the most energy? Explain.
7.
Use of Coal
a) Coal energy is directly consumed by the Industrial sector through on-site coal furnaces. The industrial sector also consumes coal energy indirectly by using distributed electricity. Compute the total Quads of coal energy consumed by the Industrial sector. Assume that energy losses in the Electrical Power sector are independent of the source. Round your answer to the nearest whole number.
b) Roughly sixty years ago, in 1950, the largest source energy feeding into the Industria...