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Psychology 9 of Sport and Exercise Objectives What sport & exercise psychologists do. Goals of this subdiscipline. How to get involved. Research and practice in this field. Intervention techniques Influences on participation in sport and exercise. Why Study Psychology of Sport and Exercise? By studying human thoughts, feelings, and behavior within the unique contexts of sport and exercise, we can understand factors that influence participation and improve the athlete's or exerciser's experience. What Psychologists of Sport and Exercise Do University professors Sport psychology service providers working in athletic programs: university, Olympic, and professional level Exercise psychology service providers working in worksite health promotion or fitness businesses Goals of Sport and Exercise Psychology To understand social-psychological factors that influence participation in physical activity To understand the psychological effects derived from participation in physical activity To enhance the sport and exercise experience for those who participate in physical activity Sport Psychology vs. Exercise Psychology Goal of sport psychology: To understand and enhance thoughts, feelings, and behaviors associated with participation in the unique context of competitive sport Goal of exercise psychology: To understand and enhance thoughts, feelings, and behaviors related to planned and repetitive bodily movement used to improve fitness and health Topic Areas and Questions in Sport Psychology Topic area Typical Questions Asked Psychophysiological Can teaching cognitive skills to athletes help them to regulate approaches physiological responses? What happens physiologically during mental-imagery practice? What physiological effects does anxiety have on novice and expert performers? Psychobiological approaches What causes a person to feel good during exercise? What occurs physiologically during the "runners high?" Can sport exercise help to replace chemical dependency? Can athletes learn to be aware of and to control their internal systems? Can stress be controlled and used to improve performance? What factors control role modeling in sport? How are cooperation and aggression related? Self-Regulation Social Psychology Exercise Psychology How does strength training affect body image & self-concept. Are exercise programs an effective intervention for persons experiencing depression? At Michigan State Course: Semester: Credits: Prerequisite: Description: KIN 340 Psychological Bases of Physical Activity Fall & Spring of every year. 3 Lecture/Recitation/Discussion (KIN 170 ) Psychological factors affecting motor skill acquisition and performance. Psychological skills which enhance sport performance. Applications of learning theory. At Michigan State Faculty at MSU Dr. Ewing Research interests: Youth in sport, achievement motivation, gender differences, anxiety and performance, parental involvement, performance enhancement. Dr. Feltz Research interests: Self-efficacy in sport and the psychosocial implications of youth sports. The interrelationships of self-efficacy, anxiety, and sport performance among youth, women, and teams. History of Psychology of and Sport Exercise Youngest of sport sciences Coleman Griffith era 1960s: motor behavior research and trait personality studies 1970s: sport psychology becomes legitimate subdiscipline (continued) History of Psychology of Sport and Exercise Coleman Griffith began systematic research in sport psychology in the 1920s, but because his early work was not extended, the area was not recognized as an academic subdiscipline of physical activity until the 1970s. (continued) History of Psychology of Sport and Exercise Systematic research in exercise psychology began in the 1980s. It combined knowledge from exercise science, health promotion, and psychology to address a growing interest in the psychological aspects of exercise, fitness, and health. Research Methods in Psychology of Sport and Exercise Questionnaires and psychological inventories Interview methods Observation of behavior Physiological measures Biochemical measures Content analysis Personality Personality types in sport No set of traits exists for an "athletic personality," but successful athletes possess more positive selfperceptions and use more productive cognitive coping strategies as compared to less successful athletes. (continued) Personality Personality types in sport personality traits interactional approach personality states cognitive psychology (continued) Personality Personality types in Exercise Effects of sport on personality Effects of exercise on personality Psychosocial Outcomes Related to Physical Activity Sport has not been found to build socially valued attributes, or "character," but exercise has shown several benefits including enhanced self-concept and psychological well-being and decreased anxiety and depression. Motivational Processes The key to understanding motivation is realizing that all humans, regardless of their individual goals, are motivated to feel competent, worthy, and selfdetermining. (continued) Motivational Processes Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation Developing intrinsic motivation Self-esteem and self-confidence Arousal, anxiety, and stress (continued) Motivational Processes Arousal: A state of physical and psychological activation or readiness Anxiety: A negative response to a stressful situation characterized by apprehension and feelings of threat Stress: A process in which individuals perceive an imbalance between their response capabilities and the demands of the situation Interpersonal and Group Processes Presence of others Group membership Leadership and reinforcement Aggression Gender socialization Interactional Leadership Developmental Concerns in Psychology of Sport and Exercise Children's participation in physical activity Psychological aspects of physical activity participation for older adults Intervention Techniques for Physical Activity Understanding flow Goal setting Self-talk Attentional control and focusing Imagery Physical relaxation techniques Intervention techniques in sport and exercise psychology are used to increase exercise adherence, enhance sport performance, develop life skills, aid in injury rehabilitation, and ease career transitions and retirement from sport.

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