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Church Jonathan JC8975 BIO 205L: Exercise 2 1a. Mean length = (21.0 + 16.0 + 17.0 + 16.5 + 14.0)/5 = 16.9 r.u. Mean Width = (5.0 + 4.5 + 5.0 + 5.0 + 5.0)/5 = 4.9 r.u. 1b. Standard Deviation Length = sqrt(((21-16.9)^2 + (16-16.9)^2 + (17-16.9)^2 + (16.5-16.9)^2 + (1416.9)^2)/4) = 2.559 Standard Deviation Width = sqrt(((5-4.9)^2 +(5-4.9)^2 +(5-4.9)^2 +(5-4.9)^2 +(4.5-4.9)^2)/4) = 0.223 1c. Length - 2.559 x 2 = 5.118, so 95% confidence levels are 16.9 + 5.118 or 16.9 5.118 Width 0.223 x 2 = 0.446, so 95% confidence levels are 4.9 + 0.446 or 4.9 0.446 2. To approximate the volume of a paramecium, I would use the volume of a rectangular prism. I believe the Paramecium s shape most closely resembles a rectangular prism, however the estimated volume will be larger than the real value due to the smooth round ends of the paramecium. The equation for the volume of a rectangular prism is Volume = Length x Width x Height. When using this equation, we will assume that the paramecium has equal width and height. 16.9 r.u. x 9.8 m/1 ru = 165.62 m 4.9 ru x 9.8 m/1 ru = 48.02 m Volume = 165.62 x 48.02 x 48.02 = 381,906.54 m 3 or 381.91 mm3 3. SA = 2LW + 2LH +2 WH = 2 x 48.02 x 48.02 + 4 x 165.62 x 48.02 = 36,424.13 m2 or 36.424 mm2 4. S/V = 36.424 mm2/381.91 mm3 = 0.0954 mm-1 5a. The Microscope has a built in Illuminator. 5b. The microscope used was Binocular. 6. When Paramecium are viewed at higher magnification, the surface area viewed is much smaller. Therefore, it seems that the Paramecium are moving faster when in fact, they aren t. Since the surface area viewed is smaller, the Paramecium moves across the viewing window much faster. When a lower magnification is used, a larger surface area is viewed, and it seems to take longer for the Paramecium to reach the other side of the viewing window. The distance across the field of view is larger, which makes the Paramecium seem slower and easier to observe. 7. When light is passing through a thin object, light tends to pass through thin layers easily and thicker layers less easily. More light is absorbed when having to travel through multiple cell layers. Therefore, can you see some organelles in the Jonathan Church JC8975 Paramecium, because light has to pass through multiple membranes. When light has to pass through multiple membranes, less light is let through, forming a shadow on the slide. The rest of the organism is lighter because light only has to travel through a few membranes. Brightfield microscopes produce contrast when objects absorb, refract, or reflect light. 8. When using the I2 + KI stain, some parts of the Paramecium became more visible. Under the microscope, organelles could be visualized more clearly. Cilia could clearly be seen at 400X magnification. Also, using the stain killed the Paramecium. This allows us to view the Paramecium without them moving all over the slide. When the Paramecium are dead, it is easier to keep them in your field of view. 9. I believe the two Paramecium are from the same species. When viewed through a microscope, both the dry mount and wet mount Paramecium had a very visible, large organelle which appeared to be the nucleus. Both are assumed to have cilia, even though they were not visible until the organisms were stained. If addition, the Paramecium were similar in size, around 150 micrometers long and about 50 micrometers wide. The size and similar visible organelles lead me to believe that both of these Paramecium are the same species. 10. Advantages: Organisms can swim in a wet mount, which make it difficult to observe and keep in focus. Even if the organisms are dead, they can continue to move as liquid continues to flow as it evaporates from the corners of the coverslip. Organisms and liquid do not move around on the slide in a dry mount. Dry mounts are also good because they limit dust and air bubbles from accumulating under the cover slip. Aberrations are reduced, because the light does not have to travel through the liquid under the cover slip. A dry slide can also be saved and used again; wet mounts are usually not meant to be preserved. Disadvantages: Organisms viewed under a dry mount slide are generally dead. Dry mount slides make it difficult to observe behaviors and physiology of organisms being viewed.

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