Study Guide for Lectures 31-37; Exam 4 MMG 301 Fall 2006 Animal-Microbe Interactions [Lecture 31] Vocabulary: cellulose, acetogen, ruminant, omasum, abomasums, rumen, volatile fatty acids, trophosome, pyogenic, cellulose, Concepts: how is the termite dependent on gut microflora for survival; what do some spirochetes do to aid certain lower termites; review how the rumen is involved in the digestive system of certain animals; what is the major type of carbon nutrient that is absorbed through the rumen wall; what are the gas products of this anaerobic process how do symbiotic bacteria aid the African Honeyguide and Hoatzin birds viral diseases: review animals affected, organism causing disease, transmission routes for: Newcastle Disease, West Nile virus, equine infectious anemia, rabies; what are the two types of rabies seen in infected animals <a href="/keyword/avian-influenza/" >avian influenza</a> : how are subtypes named; what country is most affected; bacterial diseases: review animals affected, organism causing disease, transmission routes for: Salmonellosis, bovine tuberculosis, leptospirosis, anthrax, <a href="/keyword/lyme-disease/" >lyme disease</a> Normal Microflora and Infections and Virulence [Lectures 32 &amp; 33] Vocabulary pathogen, pathogenicity, Propionibacterium acnes, virulence, infection, normal flora, bacterial interference, disease, gnotobiotic, immunocompromised host virulence factor, adherence proteins, hyaluronidase, collagenase, coagulase, endogenous pyrogens, Limulus amebocyte assay, exotoxins, A-B toxin, enterotoxins, endotoxins, LD50, nosocomial infections, endogenous pyrogens, hemolysins, bacteremia, septicemia, resident flora, transient flora Concepts: what organism sickened over 700 passengers of a cruise ship (see Microbes in the News link) how are gnotobiotic animals useful for examining host-microbe interactions; what are some characteristics of gnotobiotic animals what is the most common tissue type for microbial colonization; what areas of the body is this found what are the three main types of host-microbe interactions what characteristics of skin make it an unfavorable habitat for many microbes review two enzymes found in saliva that protect against microbial infections; how do they do that review the two major microbial diseases of the oral cavity; what is dextransucrase how does the stomach protect against entry of pathogenic microbes; how does Helicobacter survive what type of microbe makes the large intestine an anaerobic environment; what are some beneficial effects of intestinal microbes; what is the main anaerobe in the large intestine what condition prevents pathogenesis of the vagina by microbes review opportunistic, accidental, obligate pathogens and major points of adherence, invasion, colonization what is the mode of action of diphtheria toxin; how does the A fragment inhibit ribosomes review the A-B toxins of tetanus, botulism, and cholera; why is there a large fluid loss in cholera; what are spastic paralysis and flaccid paralysis review the non-immune defense mechanisms against infections Epidemiology/Public Health and Person-to-Person Diseases I [Lectures 34 &amp; 35] Vocabulary: epidemiology, prevalence, common source epidemic, outbreak, endemic, epidemic, pandemic, mortality, morbidity, carrier, reservoirs, zoonosis, vectors, fomites, nosocomial infections, delayed sequelae, superantigen, pneumonia Concepts: note differences between direct contact and host-to-host transmission review the stages of disease process: infection, incubation, acute, decline how epidemiology important for finding the source of the 1854 cholera epidemic in London what 5 measures are used to control the spread of infectious diseases review the factors are responsible for the rise in emerging diseases; Streptococcus pyogenes: mainly upper respiratory tract, -hemolytic, common strep throat cause, untreated can lead to rheumatic fever, other forms cause necrotizing faciitis; impetigo, &quot;flesh eating&quot; o review methods for diagnostic detection of Strep pyogenes (these also apply to many others) o review different diseases caused by group A and group B strep Corynebacterium diphtheriae: diphtheria, upper resp. tract especially tonsils, what is a &quot;pseudomembrane&quot; lesion, what vaccine prevents disease Study Guide for Lectures 31-37; Exam 4 MMG 301 Fall 2006 Bordetella pertussis: whooping cough, filamentous hemagglutinin of bacteria aids adherence, produces pertusis exotoxin- induces <a href="/keyword/cyclic-amp/" >cyclic amp</a> in host; also inhibits protein synthesis - leads to tissue damage <a href="/keyword/mycobacterium-tuberculosis/" >mycobacterium tuberculosis</a> : bacteria inhaled and grow in macrophages of host immune system; eventually forms nodules; skin test for TB exposure Streptococcus pheumoniae: infect lungs; pneumonia, especially in immunocompromised hosts Neisseria meningitides: meningitis, many are carriers, infects upper resp tract, eventually into blood and meninges (layer surrounding brain); vaccine available Legionella pneumophilia: Legionnaires' disease; waterborne transmission by inhalation of droplets, infects lungs; also causes Pontiac fever Bacillus anthracis anthrax; what are the three types of infections Influenza virus: upper resp. tract infected, causes annual epidemics, segmented genome results in antigenic shift; asian <a href="/keyword/bird-flu/" >bird flu</a> H5N1 why are people concerned about this virus smallpox variola virus; what are examples of viral hemorrhagic fever viruses Common cold: Rhinovirus, Coronavirus; upper resp. tract review facts about SARS-coronavirus measles (rubeola virus; rash), mumps (inflammation of salivary glands), rubella (German measles, can cause death of fetus); all protected with MMR vaccine varicella-zoster virus: chickenpox (a herpesvirus), lesions on face &amp; body, eventually invades nerves; can cause shingles later in life Person-to-Person Diseases II and Vector, Soilborne, Foodborne Diseases [Lectures 36 &amp; 37] Vocabulary: opportunistic pathogens; accidental hosts; latex agglutination assay; Campylobacteriosis; Norovirus Concepts: rabies: caused by rhabdovirus; transmission by bites, long latency, treated by post-exposure vaccination hantavirus: related to hemorrhagic fever viruses, mode of transmission, affects lungs Rikettsial diseases; usually transmitted by tick bite: Rocky Mountain spotted fever (Rickettsia rickettsii); Ehrlichiosis; Typhus (Rekettsia prowazekii; spread by head lice; many deaths in WWI); Q-fever (Coxiella burnetii) tick spreads to animal; animal-to-human by contact with fluids) Borrelia burgdorferi bacterium; <a href="/keyword/lyme-disease/" >lyme disease</a> : spread by tick, localized redness, eventually severe neurologic symptoms if untreated; 24 hrs of tick exposure necessary to transmit Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax (protozoan parasite), malaria: organism develops in red blood cells Clostridium tetani, tetanus: normal soil organism, spore germinates in anoxic wounds, tetanus toxin <a href="/keyword/vibrio-cholerae/" >vibrio cholerae</a> , cholera: spread by ingestion of fecal-contaminated food, cholera toxin, severe fluid loss Giardia and Cryptosporidium: causes gastroenteritis; transmitted by fecal-contaminated water, can survive chlorination procedures know differences between food infection and <a href="/keyword/food-poisoning/" >food poisoning</a> <a href="/keyword/food-poisoning/" >food poisoning</a> : Staph. aureus, Clostridium perfringens (most prevalent) and C. botulinum (in canned goods, rare) Foodborne pathogens: <a href="/keyword/salmonella-typhimurium/" >salmonella typhimurium</a> , Norwalk virus, and pathogenic E. coli review the two major mycoses caused by soilborne fungi; what organ is affected in primary infection diseases: review Centers for Disease Control Category A priority biological agents: o smallpox variola virus, skin rash with pustules, high fatality, eradicated from world with vaccines o viral hemorrhagic fevers, Ebola, Marburg, Lassa; o Anthrax Bacillus anthracis, 3 types of infections o plague <a href="/keyword/yersinia-pestis/" >yersinia pestis</a> ; 3 forms o Tularemia Francisella tularensis; skin and oral ulcers, pneumonia, highly infectious Staphylococcus direct contact infections; acne, boils, impetigo, wound infections; some cause toxic shock Helicobacter pylori: gastric ulcers <a href="/keyword/yersinia-pestis/" >yersinia pestis</a> plague; what are bubonic, pneumonic, and septicemic forms Hepatitis: caused by several viruses; A, B, C; liver disease and cirrhosis; Michigan prison problem Neisseria gonorrhoeae: gonorrhea; sexually transmitted, antibiotic resistance a problem Treponema pallidum: causes syphilis, sexually transmitted, initial infection causes chancre, eventually infects nervous system Chlamydia trachomatis: most prevalent sexually transmitted disease in US, intracellular parasite Herpes: <a href="/keyword/herpes-simplex-virus/" ><a href="/keyword/herpes-simplex/" >herpes simplex</a> virus</a> ; HSV-1: cold sores; HSV-2: genital herpes review how CD4, CCR5, and gp120 is involved in HIV life cycle