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Prokaryotes
Course: BIOL 102, Fall 2009School: Western Washington
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diversity Prokaryotic Eubacteria & Archaebacteria Campbell & Reese Fig 26.1 Bacteria one-celled to simple colonies cells prokaryotic metabolism diverse Mycobacterium paratuberculosis Archaeabacteria extremophiles one-celled to simple colonies cells prokaryotic chemistry different than Bacteria metabolism diverse, "primitive" Grand prismatic pool, Yellowstone NP...
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diversity Prokaryotic Eubacteria & Archaebacteria
Campbell & Reese Fig 26.1
Bacteria
one-celled to simple colonies cells prokaryotic metabolism diverse
Mycobacterium paratuberculosis
Archaeabacteria extremophiles
one-celled to simple colonies cells prokaryotic chemistry different than Bacteria metabolism diverse, "primitive"
Grand prismatic pool, Yellowstone NP
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
cells small (1-5 m diameter) unicellular no nucleus or organelles cell wall cells large (10-100 mm) unicellular or multicellular nucleus and organelles different cell wall when present
C&R Fig 27.2
Prokaryote shape
spherical (cocci)
rod-shaped (bacilli)
helical
Very small
cells usually small (1-5 m diameter) largest are Cyanobacteria and,
* Thiomargarita namibiensis, "Sulfur Pearl of Namibia"
T. namibiensis next to a fruit fly 1 mm
Prokaryotic cell walls
maintain shape, protection complex chemically peptidoglycan and lipids many antibiotics target this special chemistry
Fig 27.5
Internal cellular structure
one double stranded chromosome of DNA in the form of a ring smaller rings of DNA called plasmids specialized membranes for metabolic purposes no membrane-bound organelles
aerobic prokaryote
photosynthetic prokaryote
Movement
Link to Animated bacterial movement towards attractant Bacterial tumble movie
Flagella (bacterial) Chemical gliding
Asexual reproduction
Binary fission
* Growth of Pneumococcus * Time lapse over 2 hours
Resistant spores
Sexual change
No real sexual reproduction transformation - the uptake genes of from the surrounding environment transduction - transfer of genes from viruses to prokaryotes conjugation - direct transfer of genes from prokaryote to prokaryote
Metabolic diversity
Nitrogen fixation
Convert atmospheric nitrogen into biological form used in proteins and nucleic acids Anabaena, a photoautotroph, can also fix nitrogen. Heterocysts cells specialized to carry out the process
Metabolism and oxygen
obligate aerobes oxygen required facultative aerobes - use oxygen when available but not required obligate anaerobes poisoned by oxygen
Archaebacteria
most research has focused on their ecology rather than phylogeny extreme halophiles
extreme thermophiles
methanogens
Ecolgical impacts of prokaryotes
decomposers - recycle nutrients from dead organisms
pathogens cause human disease
mutualists - live closely with another organism and both benefit
Economic roles of prokaryotes
fermentation vinegar, yogurt, cheese path...
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