#WB5W5 6NwA 6 WA,+w N5AW ,BW, `WAO ,,##,# +#Ww 5W5 6NAW #Nw,5 i?}) B@?c Bh@_@|i +iti@hU ttt|@?| kLhLt #@?@c hLuittLh #iT@h|4i?| Lu iU@?U@* @?_ W?_t|h@* ,?}?iih?} N?iht|) Lu @tt@Uti||t 4iht|c @tt@Uti||t @?_ BLh}L +33L?c hLuittLh #iT@h|4i?| Lu iU@?U@* ,?}?iih?} L 5|@|i N?iht|) L*4Mtc L
Devwudfw
Wkh dssolfdwlrq ri d prgholqj frpshqvdwlrq phwkrg lv vwxglhg lq idxow gldjqrvlv1 Wklv frp0 shqvdwlrq phwkrg uholhv rq hpehgglqj vlqjoh0 lqsxw vlqjoh0rxwsxw udgldo edvlv ixqfwlrq +UEI, prgxohv zlwklq wkh qrqolqhdu prgho ri wkh sodqw vr dv wr surylgh d edvlv iru forvhg0irup uhsuhvhq0 wdwlrq ri wkh xqfhuwdlq frpsrqhqwv1 Wkh zhljkwv ri wkhvh UEI prgxohv duh wkhq dgdswhg rq0olqh e| wkh h{whqghg Ndopdq owhu +HNI,/ lq wdqghp zlwk vwdwh hvwlpdwlrq/ wr surylgh d uhsuhvhqwd0 wlrq ri wkhvh xqfhuwdlq frpsrqhqwv zlwklq wkhlu udqjh ri yduldwlrq1 Wkh lpsuryhg shuirupdqfh ri wkh HNI0edvhg revhuyhu lq suhvhqfh ri wlph0 yduldelolw| kdv prwlydwhg h{sorulqj lwv xwlolw| lq idxow gldjqrvlv ri dq dxwrprwlyh hqjlqh/ zkhuh lwv shuirupdqfh lv vwxglhg lq ghwhfwlrq ri d wkurwwoh vhqvru idxow1
41 LQWURGXFWLRQ
Idxow gldjqrvlv lv lpsruwdqw iru vdihw|0fulwlfdo dqg lqwhooljhqw frqwuro v|vwhpv1 Wkh fruuhfw gh0 whfwlrq ru suhglfwlrq ri idxowv fdq dyrlg v|vwhp vkxw0grzqv ru fdwdvwurskhv wkdw pd| lqyroyh kx0 pdq olyhv dqg pdwhuldo gdpdjh1 Idxow ghwhfwlrq dqg lvrodwlrq +IGL, vroxwlrqv kdyh ehhq ghyhorshg zlwklq ydulrxv glvflsolqhv1 Iru v|vwhpv wkdw fdq eh ghvfulehg e| dqdo|w0
Q U W,,< 2fff hLU Lu |i 5, #)?@4U 5)t |i4t @?_ L?|hL* #tL?
lfdo prghov/ prgho0edvhg IGL rhuv d v|vwhp wkhruhwlf dssurdfk/ zkhuh wkh prgho lv xvhg wr rewdlq uhvlgxdov uhsuhvhqwlqj wkh glhuhqfh eh0 wzhhq wkh phdvxuhphqwv dqg wkhlu prghohg ydo0 xhv ^4`1 Dprqj wkh phwkrgv xvhg iru uhvlgxdo jhqhudwlrq/ vwdwh revhuyhuv duh ri sduwlfxodu lq0 whuhvw ehfdxvh ri wkhlu srwhqwldo xwlolw| lq qrq0 olqhdu sodqwv1 Qrqolqhdu vwdwh revhuyhuv duh uho0 dwlyho| zhoo ghyhorshg/ exw wkhlu dssolfdwlrq wr IGL kdv ehhq olplwhg ^4`/ sduwo| gxh wr wkh gli0 fxow| ri wkhvh revhuyhuv lq frslqj zlwk vwuxf0 wxudo dqg sdudphwulf xqfhuwdlqw| ri wkh hvwlpd0 wlrq prgho1 Shukdsv wkh prvw hhfwlyh vwdwh re0 vhuyhu wr gdwh lv wkh H{whqghg Ndopdq Ilowhu +HNI,/ zklfk shuirupv sdudphwhu dqg vwdwh hv0 wlpdwlrq wrjhwkhu/ dqg lv/ wkhuhiruh/ fdsdeoh ri frslqj zlwk sdudphwulf xqfhuwdlqw| ri wkh hvwl0 pdwlrq prgho1 Wkh HNI/ krzhyhu/ kdv olplwhg dssolfdelolw| zkhq wkh hvwlpdwlrq prgho grhv qrw vwuxfwxudoo| uhsuhvhqw wkh sodqw1 Uhfhqwo|/ d prgholqj frpshqvdwlrq phwkrg kdv ehhq lqwurgxfhg wkdw hqkdqfhv wkh shuirupdqfh ri wkh HNI lq frslqj zlwk erwk vwuxfwxudo dqg sdudphwulf xqfhuwdlqw| ri wkh hvwlpdwlrq prgho ^5`1 Lq wklv HNI0edvhg revhuyhu/ udgldo ed0 vlv ixqfwlrq +UEI, prgxohv duh hpehgghg zlwklq wkh hvwlpdwlrq prgho wr surylgh d edvlv iru uhsuh0 vhqwdwlrq ri wkh prgho*v xqfhuwdlq frpsrqhqwv1 Wkh zhljkwv ri wkhvh UEIv duh wkhq dgdswhg rq0 olqh e| wkh HNI lq wdqghp zlwk vwdwh hvwlpdwlrq1 Wkh uhvxowlqj dgdswlyh revhuyhu kdv ehhq vkrzq
?
wr surylgh ehwwhu vwdwh hvwlpdwhv/ gxh wr wkh dg0 glwlrqdo ghjuhhv ri iuhhgrp zlwklq lwv hvwlpdwlrq prgho1 Wkh sxusrvh ri wklv sdshu lv wr vwxg| wkh xwlo0 lw| lq IGL ri wkh sursrvhg prgholqj frpshqvd0 wlrq phwkrg1 Wkh whvw0ehg ri wklv vwxg| lv dq lqwhuqdo frpexvwlrq hqjlqh/ zkhuh wkh sursrvhg phwkrg lv whvwhg lq lghqwli|lqj d wkurwwoh vhqvru idxow1 Wkh uhvxowv lqglfdwh wkdw wkh hpehgghg UEI prgxohv |lhog d pruh uholdeoh vhw ri uhvlg0 xdov iru idxow gldjqrvlv1
fdq eh ghqhg e| wkh irxu vxe0ixqfwlrqv=
v i" +{, @
vlq+{,>
v v i# +{, @ {# > i$ +x, @ v i% +x,
frv+x,>
@ x#
wr uhsuhvhqw wkh vwdwh htxdwlrq {+n . 4, dv
E n '
H H H IQ 9 EI 9 E n Ie 9 E S H9 E n I2
'
H H H H & 9 EIQ 9 E? I2 9 E? I 9 E? Ie 9 E S
51 HPEHGGLQJ UDGLDO EDVLV IXQFWLRQ PRGXOHV
Wkh sxusrvh ri hpehgglqj UEI prgxohv lqwr wkh hvwlpdwlrq prgho lv wr surylgh dgglwlrqdo gh0 juhhv ri iuhhgrp iru dgdswdwlrq1 Ohw wkh h{dfw prgho ri wkh sodqw eh uhsuhvhqwhg e| wkh vwdwh0 vsdfh prgho=
n n > n n n > 5 n
dqg rxwsxw ixqfwlrqv/ uhvshfwlyho|1 Lw lv riwhq wkh fdvh wkdw rqh fdq ghfrpsrvh wkh vwdwh htxd0 wlrqv lqwr vlqjoh0lqsxw vlqjoh0rxwsxw +VLVR, vxe0 ixqfwlrqv/ hyhq wkrxjk rqh pd| qrw nqrz wkh h{dfw irup ri wkhvh vxe0ixqfwlrqv1 Wklv wzr0ohyho ylhz ri wkh sodqw prgho lv h{suhvvhg e| uhzulwlqj wkh vwdwh htxdwlrqv dv=
+4, {+ . 4, @ ^{+ , x+ ,` . z |+ , @ ^{+ , x+ ,` . y +5, zkhuh {+ , U / x+n, U / dqg |+n, U uhsuhvhqw wkh vwdwhv/ lqsxwv/ dqg rxwsxwv/ uhvshf0 wlyho|/ z dqg y ghqrwh xqfruuhodwhg Jdxvvldq qrlvh/ dqg dqg uhsuhvhqw qrqolqhdu vwdwh
n 5
Iru wkh wudqvirupdwlrq ri wkh sodqw prgho lqwr Htv1 +6, dqg +7,/ wkh ryhudoo uhodwlrqvklsv eh0 wzhhq wkh vxe0ixqfwlrqv il +l1h1/ I dqg J, qhhg wr eh nqrzq/ exw wkh h{dfw irup ri wkh lqglylgxdo VLVR vxe0ixqfwlrqv +l1h1/ il , lv qrw uhtxluhg1 Wr frpshqvdwh iru wkh lqdffxudf| ri lqglylgxdo vxe0ixqfwlrqv lq wkh hvwlpdwlrq prgho ri wkh sodqw/ UEI prgxohv duh dgghg wr hdfk ds0 sur{lpdwhg VLVR vxe0ixqfwlrq1 Lq wkh sursrvhg phwkrg/ hdfk UEI kdv wkh lqsxw0rxwsxw uhod0 wlrqvkls
ro m
q
s
5
p
+ , @ h+m f m#@#, @ +m > fo ,
m o
+9,
zkhuh fo dqg ghqrwh wkh fhqwhu dqg vwdqgdug ghyldwlrq ri wkh UEI/ uhvshfwlyho|1 E| olqlqj xs d vhulhv ri wkhvh UEIv dorqj wkh m d{lv/ dq UEI prgxoh lv iruphg kdylqj wkh rxwsxw
Rl m
+ ,@
[
Ql
o("
o ro +m , @
[
Ql o("
o +m > fo ,
+:,
ehwzhhq wkh vxe0ixqfwlrqv il / dqg uhsuhvhqwv d gxpp| yduldeoh ri hlwkhu {l ru xm 1 Lq wkh deryh uhsuhvhqwdwlrq/ wkh wlph vwhs n lq wlph0 ghshqghqw yduldeohv lv rplwwhg iru euhylw|/ vxshu0 vfulsw vljqlhv h{dfwqhvv/ vxshuvfulswv v dqg r ghqrwh dvvrfldwlrq zlwk d vwdwh ru rxwsxw htxd0 wlrq/ uhvshfwlyho|/ dqg wkh vxe0ixqfwlrqv ilv dqg r il uhsuhvhqw VLVR vxe0ixqfwlrqv ri {l ru xm 1 Iru lqvwdqfh/ wkh vwdwh htxdwlrq vlq+{+n,, frv+x+n,, . x+n,# {+n . 4, @ +8, 4 . {+n,#
v v +n . 4, @ ^i" + ,> i# + ,> ` mn . +6, ^i r + ,> i r + ,> ` m . +n , @ +7, n " # dqg ghqh wkh nqrzq uhodwlrqvklsv zkhuh
{
I | J I J
y
z
Wkh qxpehu ri UEIv shu hdfk prgxoh fdq eh ghwhuplqhg dffruglqj wr wkh suhflvlrq uhtxluhg ri hdfk prgxoh ^5`/ zlwk wkh fhqwhuv ri lqglylg0 xdo UEIv srvlwlrqhg hyhqo| dorqj wkh m d{lv1 Wkh dgglwlrq ri wkhvh prgxohv wr lqglylgxdo vxe0 ixqfwlrqv ri wkh hvwlpdwlrq prgho wkhq |lhogv
il +> M , @ il + , . il + , @ il + , .
[
Ql o("
o +> fo ,
+;, Dffruglqj wr wkh deryh frqyhqwlrq/ hdfk prg0 lhg vxe0ixqfwlrq lq wkh wudqviruphg prgho lv frpsrvhg ri wzr frpsrqhqwv= dq dqdo|wlfdo frp0 srqhqw/ il +,/ zklfk surylghv dq dssur{lpdwlrq ri lwv frxqwhusduw lq wkh h{dfw prgho/ dqg dq hp0 ehgghg UEI prgxoh/ il +,/ wr frpshqvdwh iru
I+n ,
@ @
Ci
a { h +a +n,> x+n,> M,
C}
m}@a+n, }
@ @
D+n , 3
P+n, L G+n ,
K+n ,
CJ
+a +n,> x+n,> M, a {
C}
m}@a+n, }
F+n ,
Iljxuh 4= W**t|h@|L? Lu |i 4L_i_ tMu?U|L?
i? i4Mi__i_ | @? +6 ?i|Lh!
a T
z @ H izW zj> Ty @ H iyW yj a
wkh glvfuhsdqf| ehwzhhq wkh dssur{lpdwh vxe0 ixqfwlrq dqg lwv h{dfw frxqwhusduw +vhh Ilj1 4,1 Dv looxvwudwhg judsklfdoo| lq Ilj1 4/ wkh vsdwldo qdwxuh ri wkh UEI prgxohv jxdudqwhhv d xqltxh vhw ri zhljkwv M iru wkhp +wkh surri lv lqfoxghg lq ^5`,1 Iroorzlqj wkh deryh vwudwhj|/ wkh UEI0 hpehgghg prgho wkdw dssur{lpdwhv Htv1 +6, dqg +7, zloo kdyh wkh irup= H E n ' 69 dIQ w E? r ? I rw E? r ? K K Ko S& n Eb Q Jw )E ' B9 dIQ E? J ? I Jw E? J ? K K Ko S& n Ef Q
v r v r zkhuh wkh il +> M l , dqg il +> M m , ghqrwh hp0 v ehgghg frxqwhusduwv ri vxe0ixqfwlrqv il + , dqg r + ,/ uhvshfwlyho|1 Wkh dgdswdwlrq ri wkh UEI0 im hpehgghg prgho lv shuiruphg e| dgmxvwlqj wkh zhljkwv ri wkh udgldo edvlv ixqfwlrqv1 Lqlwldoo|/ wkh zhljkwv ri UEI prgxohv duh vhw wr }hur/ vr wkdw wkh| fdq eh dgdswhg gxulqj d wudlqlqj vhv0 vlrq lq uhvsrqvh wr wkh phdvxuhg sodqw rxwsxwv1 Wudlqlqj ri wkh UEI zhljkw yhfwru M / wkdw lq0 foxghv wkh zhljkwv ri doo ri wkh UEI prgxohv/ zloo eh shuiruphg e| HNI/ lq wdqghp zlwk hvwl0 pdwlrq ri wkh sodqw vwdwhv1 Wkh HNI dojrulwkp/ dv dssolhg wr wkh UEI0hpehgghg prgho/ kdv wkh irup
a Th dqg
z
@
a T
3
z
3 3
>
a Th
y@
a T
3
y
D+n ,
@ @ @ @
CI
+a +n,> x+n,> M, a { +a +n,> x+n,> M, a {
C C{
m}@a+n, } m}@a+n, } m}@a+n, } m}@a+n, }
P+n ,
CI
F+n ,
CJ
+a +n,> x+n,> M, a { +a +n,> x+n,> M, a {
C C{
M
G+n ,
CJ
M
61 WKH LQWHUQDO FRPEXVWLRQ HQJLQH
Dq lqwhuqdo frpexvwlrq +LF, hqjlqh lv xvhg dv wkh IGL whvw0ehg ri wkh sursrvhg prgholqj frp0 shqvdwlrq phwkrg1 Wkh LF hqjlqh xqghu lqyhv0 wljdwlrq zdv d IRUG Y; wkdw zdv frqqhfwhg wr d g|qdprphwhu wkurxjk d 7 vshhg dxwr0 pdwlf wudqvplvvlrq1 Wkh g|qdprphwhu zdv frq0 wuroohg e| G\QH
E n ' ue E E ? E? n BE d)E ! 3 B9 E E? E ? o BE ' 6EE OA EB e dOEEOA E n " o!Q e E n ' 6E E6A E n " ! A BEdOEEO E n "e oBE
zkhuh
W a+n , @ ^a +n ,> a ` > { }
E E2 E
M
{ ih +a +n ,> x+n ,> a , @
M
I
+a +n,> x+n,> M, a {
a M
ORF wkurwwoh dqg g|qdprph0 whu frqwuroohu1 Iru gdwd dftxlvlwlrq/ LEP Shq0 wlxp SF htxlsshg zlwk wzr Qdwlrqdo Lqvwux0 phqw DW0PLR0H5 gdwd dftxlvlwlrq erdug zdv xvhg1 Wkh gdwd dftxlvlwlrq erdug zdv olqnhg wr wkh euhdnrxw er{ ri wkh surgxfwlrq hqjlqh frqwuro xqlw dqg uhodwhg vhqvruv1 Dq LEP 7;9 SF htxlsshg zlwk Wh{dv Lqvwuxphqw GVS erdugv zdv dovr xvhg wr frqwuro wkh ixho lqmhfwru ri wkh hqjlqh gluhfwo| zlwkrxw xvlqj wkh surgxfwlrq hq0 jlqh frqwuro xqlw1 Lq dgglwlrq wr wkh vhqvruv do0 uhdg| lqvwdoohg rq wkh hqjlqh e| wkh pdqxidf0 wxuhu/ wkh hqjlqh zdv lqvwuxphqwhg zlwk dq rs0 wlfdo hqfrghu/ d pdqlirog suhvvxuh vhqvru/ dqg d
Pentium PC NI AT-MIO-16E
Production Engine Controller
486 PC TI DSP
Dynamometer Controller
Ford V8 Engine
4 Speed A/T
Dynamometer
Iljxuh 5=
, Tih4i?|@* ti|T Lu |i L5|@|i ,?}?i
zkloh uhwdlqlqj dffhswdeoh shuirupdqfh/ vxemhfw wr {hg frqvwudlqwv lq wkh pdvv hplvvlrqv ri fhu0 wdlq h{kdxvw jdvhv1 W|slfdo frqwuro lqsxwv wkdw pd| eh dydlodeoh wr dffrpsolvk wkhvh remhfwlyhv duh= wkurwwoh srvlwlrq> ixho lqmhfwlrq wlplqj dqg gxudwlrq> h{kdxvw jdv uhflufxodwlrq ydoyh srvl0 wlrq dqg ljqlwlrq wlplqj1 Wkh ghwdlohg prgho ri hdfk ri wkh hqjlqh vxe0v|vwhpv lv lqfoxghg lq ^9`1 Khuh/ zh rqo| glvfxvv wkh sduw ri wkh prgho wkdw uhodwhv wr wkh idxowv frqvlghuhg1
71 I DXOW GLDJQRVLV
olqhdu r{|jhq vhqvru1 Wkh vfkhpdwlf gldjudp ri wkh h{shulphqwdo vhwxs lv vkrzq lq Ilj1 51 Wkh hqjlqh lv d kljko| frpsoh{ v|vwhp dqg fdq eh ghvfulehg e| d frpelqdwlrq ri qrqolqhdu do0 jheudlf dqg glhuhqwldo htxdwlrqv ri lwv vxe0 v|vwhpv1 Phdq0ydoxh ru orz iuhtxhqf| prghov kdyh ehhq sursrvhg e| ^6/ 7/ 8`1 Wkh phdq0ydoxh hqjlqh prgho ghvfulehv wkh hqjlqh g|qdplfv zlwk olplwhg edqgzlgwk/ htxlydohqw wr frqvlghulqj wkh phdq ehkdylru ri vwdwh yduldeohv ryhu d ihz hq0 jlqh f|fohv1 Wkh eorfn gldjudp ri wkh hqjlqh lv vkrzq lq Ilj1 6/ zkhuh wkh orz0iuhtxhqf| g|qdp0 lfv frqvlghuhg duh wkrvh ri wkh wkurwwoh/ lqwdnh pdqlirog +lqfoxglqj sxpslqj,/ ixho lqmhfwlrq dqg g|qdplfv/ h{kdxvw ghod|/ dqg wkh vhqvru ^9`1
Fuel Injector
Wkh idxow frqvlghuhg zdv d wkurwwoh vhqvru idxow1 Wkh wkurwwoh vhqvru phdvxuhv wkh wkurwwoh rshq0 lqj +ghj1,/ zklfk dhfwv wkh pdvv rz udwh ri dlu dw wkurwwoh pd>wk +vhh Ilj1 6,1 Wkh xqghuo|0 b lqj htxdwlrq uhodwlqj wkh pdvv rz udwh ri dlu dw wkurwwoh pd>wk wr wkh lqwdnh pdqlirog suhvvxuh b g|qdplfv lv
UW +47, Y zkhuh $ ghqrwhv wkh hqjlqh vshhg/ uhsuhvhqwv wkh fudqn dqjoh/ s ghqrwhv wkh lqwdnh pdqlirog uhsuhvhqwv wkh pdvv rz udwh ri suhvvxuh/ p b dlu dw wkurwwoh/ dqg U> W > Y > Y uhsuhvhqw/ $
p y g d p p d>wk p p d>wk
Y$ gs . s @p b g 7Y
can
m f,can
mf,inj Fuel Dynamics
uhvshfwlyho|/ wkh lghdo jdv frqvwdqw/ wkh dpelhqw whpshudwxuh/ wkh glvsodfhphqw yroxph/ dqg wkh lqwdnh pdqlirog yroxph1 Dprqj wkh sdudphwhuv lq wkh deryh htxdwlrq/ wkh fkdujh hflhqf| y lv dovr d ixqfwlrq ri wkh wkurwwoh rshqlqj/ dv ghqhg e| wkh iroorzlqj hpslulfdo uhodwlrqvkls iru wklv hqjlqh
y p
d
g
p
canister
m a,can
mf,cyl Combustion
Throttle Body ma,th
Intake Manifold m EGR
m a,cyl
A/Fexh Exhaust Manifold
@ d" . d#$ . d$$# . d%s . d& +48, zkhuh d" @ 4=<:84 43" / d# @ 6=93:8 43$ / d$ @ :=3458 43'/ d% @ 7=58;4 43'/ dqg d& @ 7=;;<; duh ghwhuplqhg hpslulfdoo|1
Dq h{shulphqw zdv shuiruphg gxulqj zklfk wkh fdoleudwlrq ri wkh wkurwwoh vhqvru zdv deuxswo| fkdqjhg e| 58(/ wr vlpxodwh d idxow lq wkh vhqvru1 Wkh yduldeohv phdvxuhg gxulqj wklv h{shulphqw zhuh wkh lqwdnh pdqlirog suhvvxuh sp / wkh hqjlqh vshhg $ / dqg wkh wkurwwoh rshqlqj 1 Lq rughu wr whvw wkh delolw| ri wkh sursrvhg frpshqvdwlrq phwkrg lq frslqj zlwk prgholqj xqfhuwdlqw|/ wkh ydoxh ri wkh hqjlqh glvsodfhphqw yroxph Yg zdv vhw dw ;3( ri lwv dfwxdo ydoxh +3=3379p$ ,1 Wkuhh glhuhqw vwudwhjlhv frxog eh xvhg iru lghqwli|lqj wkh wkurwwoh vhqvru idxow=
EGR
EGR
Vo2
EGO Sensor
Iljxuh 6=
*LU! _@}h@4 Lu |i L5|@|i ,?}?i 4L_i*
Wkh hqjlqh lv d frpsoh{ pxowl0yduldeoh qrqolqhdu v|vwhp/ dqg lwv gldjqrvlv lv ixuwkhu frpsolfdwhg e| wkh lqdelolw| wr gluhfwo| phdvxuh pdq| shu0 irupdqfh lqglfhv ri lqwhuhvw1 Wkh hqjlqh frqwuro sureohp frqvlvwv ri pd{lpl}lqj ixho hfrqrp|
41 Doo wkuhh yduldeohv y / Yg / dqg pd>wk lq b Ht1 +47, pd| eh hvwlpdwhg rq0olqh xvlqj phdvxuhphqwv ri sp dqg $ / dqg wkhq frp0 sduhg zlwk wkhlu frpsxwhg ydoxhv wr rewdlq uhvlgxdov iru idxow gldjqrvlv1 Krzhyhu/ wklv vwudwhj| zdv suryhq lqihdvleoh/ shukdsv gxh wr odfn ri revhuydelolw|1 51 Wkh pdvv rz udwh ri dlu dw wkurwwoh pd>wk b dqg Yg pd| eh hvwlpdwhg/ xvlqj dv lqsxw wkh frpsxwhg ydoxhv ri fkdujh hflhqf| dffruglqj wr Ht1 +48,1 Wkh hvwlpdwhg ydo0 xhv ri pd>wk dqg Yg e| HNI duh vkrzq lq b Iljv1 7 dqg 81 Wkh uhvxowv lq Ilj1 7 lqgl0 fdwh wkdw wkh pd>wk hvwlpdwhv frqwdlq d eldv b gxulqj wkh qrupdo rshudwlrq ri wkh hqjlqh dqg wkh uhvxowv lq Ilj1 8 vkrz HNI*v lq0 delolw| wr hvwlpdwh wkh fruuhfw ydoxh ri wkh glvsodfhphqw yroxph Yg +3=3379p$ ,1 Dv d uhvxow ri wkh lqfruuhfw hvwlpdwlrq ri pd>wk / b wkh uhvlgxdo uhsuhvhqwlqj wkh glhuhqfh eh0 wzhhq wkh frpsxwhg dqg hvwlpdwhg pd>wk b lv qrq0}hur gxulqj qrupdo rshudwlrq +vhh Ilj1 9,/ fdxvlqj d glfxow| lq lghqwli|lqj wkh idxow/ sduwlfxoduo| zkhq wkh idxow lv qrw dv gudvwlf dv khuh1 Wkh lqdelolw| wr fru0 uhfwo| hvwlpdwh pd>wk dqg Yg lv shukdsv gxh b wr odfn ri revhuydelolw| dqg2ru devhqfh ri shuvlvwhqw h{flwdwlrq ri wkh rxwsxw sp gxu0 lqj wkh h{shulphqwv1
0.025
Air flow rate at throttle (kg/sec)
0.04 0.035 0.03
Vd (m )
3
0.025 0.02 0.015 0.01 0.005 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 Time (sec) 12 14 16 18
Iljxuh 8= ,t|4@|i_ @*it Lu |i _tT*@Ui4i?|
L*4i M) |i ,k6
0.024 0.022 0.02 0.018 0.016 0.014 0.012 0.01 0.008
12 14 16 18
0.02 0.015 0.01 estimated value 0.005 0 computed value
fault instance
Air flow rate residual
0
2
4
6
8 10 Time (sec)
0.006 0.004 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Time (sec) 14 16 18
Iljxuh 7= @tt L h@|i Lu @h @| |hL||*i it|
4@|i_ M) |i ,k6 @*L?} | |t UL4 T|i_ @*it
Iljxuh 9= +it_@* Mi|ii? |i UL4T|i_ 4@tt
L h@|i Lu @h @| |hL||*i @?_ |t it| 4@|i_ @*i M) |i ,k6
Iru wkh dssolfdwlrq ri wkh sursrvhg prg0 holqj frpshqvdwlrq phwkrg/ wkh hvwlpd0 wlrq prgho +Ht1 47, zdv hpehgghg zlwk dq UEI prgxoh dv/
/ _R6 n
_| #
EfHT_ / ER6 n eZT6
fault instance
[
Q
w
i TtER6 3 S
*B
' 6@c|
-A T
Air flow rate at throttle (kg/sec)
@ ES 6
zhuh
0.03 0.025 computed value
zkhuh Q zdv duelwudulo| vhw htxdo wr 96/ iru wklv fdvh1 Wkh UEI zhljkwv
wkhq wudlqhg rq0olqh wr frpshqvdwh iru wkh glvfuhsdqf| lq wkh ydoxh ri
fault instance
l
0.02 0.015 0.01 0.005 0 0 2 4 6
;g 1
estimated value
Wkh lqlwldo
ydoxhv ri wkh UEI zhljkwv zhuh vhohfwhg lq wkh dssur{lpdwh ylflqlw| ri wkhlu h{shfwhg ydoxhv/ zklfk lq wklv fdvh zdv nqrzq eh0 fdxvh ri rxu nqrzohgjh ri wkh fruuhfw ydoxh ri
;g 1
Vlqfh wkh UEI prgxoh zdv hpehg0
ghg zlwklq wkh hvwlpdwlrq prgho wr frp0 shqvdwh iru wkh 5
Y
3( eldv lq wkh ydoxh ri / wkh fruuhfw ydoxhv ri wkh UEI zhljkwv frxog eh ghwhuplqhg wr vdwlvi| wkh htxdolw|
g g p
8 10 Time (sec)
12
14
16
18
Iljxuh := @tt L h@|i Lu @h @| |hL||*i it|
Air flow rate at throttle (kg/sec)
0.015
Wkh hvwlpdwhg p e| wkh HNI xvlqj b wkhvh lqlwldo UEI zhljkwv lv vkrzq lq Ilj1 :1 Wkh uhvxowv vkrz wkdw wkh p b hvwlpdwhv/ dowkrxjk ehwwhu wkdq suhylrxvo| rewdlqhg/ duh qrw dffxudwh1 Qh{w/ wkh UEI zhljkwv zhuh wudlqhg rq0olqh frqfxu0 uhqw zlwk wkh hvwlpdwlrq ri p 1 Wkh hv0 b wlpdwhg ydoxhv ri p rewdlqhg rq0olqh b duh vkrzq lq Ilj1 ;1 Wkh uhvxowv lqgl0 fdwh pdunhg lpsuryhphqw lq wkh p hvwl0 b pdwhv/ sduwlfxoduo| diwhu wkh rffxuuhqfh ri wkh idxow1 Wkhvh pruh dffxudwh hvwlpdwhv ri p ohdg wr hqkdqfhg uhvlgxdov eh0 b wzhhq wkh frpsxwhg dqg hvwlpdwhg p b +dv vkrzq lq Ilj1 <,/ zlwk ydoxhv forvh wr }hur gxulqj qrupdo rshudwlrq wkdw surylgh dq lpsuryhg edvlv iru idxow gldjqrvlv1 Lq rughu wr hydoxdwh wkh wudlqlqj ri wkh UEI prgxoh/ lwv frqwrxu lv sorwwhg yv1 wkh pdq0 lirog suhvvxuh s lq Ilj1 431 Dv vkrzq lq Ht1 +4:,/ wkh lghdo prgxoh zrxog kdyh d vorsh ri 427 dqg wkh wudlqhg prgxoh lv uho0 dwlyho| forvh wr wklv lghdo ixqfwlrq1 61 Wkh wklug vwudwhj| iru jhqhudwlqj uhvlgxdov zrxog lqyroyh hvwlpdwlqj / xvlqj dv lq0 sxwv phdvxuhphqwv ri s / $/ dqg dv zhoo dv wkh frpsxwhg ydoxhv ri p 1 Wkh hv0 b wlpdwhg fdq wkhq eh frpsduhg zlwk lwv
d>wk d>wk d>wk d>wk d>wk d>wk d>wk p y p d>wk y
0.01 0.005 0
fault instance
3=;Y +s . h{si+s f ,#@#j @ Y s zklfk zrxog |lhog h{si+s f ,#@# @ 4@7s +4:,
l p l g
[
4@|i_ M) |i ,k6 t?} @? ?|h@?i_ +6 4L_*ic @*L?} | |t UL4T|i_ @*it
p
[
0.025 0.02 computed value
l
p
l
p
estimated value 0 2 4 6 8 10 Time (sec) 12 14 16 18
Iljxuh ;= @tt L h@|i Lu @h @| |hL||*i it
|4@|i_ M) |i ,k6 uhL4 |i +6 i4Mi__i_ 4L_i* @*L?} | |t UL4 T|i_ @*it
0.025
Air flow rate residual
0.015 0.01 0.005 0
-0.005 0
2
4
6
8 10 12 Time (sec)
fault instance
0.02
14
16
18
Iljxuh <= +it_@* Mi|ii? |i UL4T|i_ 4@tt
L h@|i Lu @h @| |hL||*i @?_ |t it| 4@|i_ @*i M) |i ,k6 uhL4 |i +6 i4Mi__i_ 4L_i*
1.6 1.5
x 10
4
RBF module of Pm (Pa)
1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1 0.9 0.8 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 Pm (Pa) 5.5 6 6.5 x 10 4
1 0.9 0.8 0.7 computed value 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 Time (sec) 12 14 16 18
Charge efficiency (%)
estimated value
Iljxuh 43= Ai UL?|Lh Lu |i +6 4L_*i hi*@
|i |L |i 4@?uL*_ Thitthi 4$ @u|ih |h@??} Lu |i +6 i}|t
frpsxwhg ydoxh dffruglqj wr Ht1 +48, wr rewdlq d uhvlgxdo iru ghwhfwlqj wkh wkurw0 woh vhqvru idxow1 Wklv vwudwhj| zdv whvwhg xvlqj wkh HNI wr hvwlpdwh y dqg ;g rq0 olqh/ vr wkdw y frxog e...