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lect33-engin112
Course: ECE 221, Fall 2009School: UMass (Amherst)
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ENGIN 112 Intro to Electrical and Computer Engineering Lecture 33 <a href="/keyword/arithmetic-logic-unit/" >arithmetic logic unit</a> (ALU) ENGIN112 L33: <a href="/keyword/arithmetic-logic-unit/" >arithmetic logic unit</a> s November 21, 2003 Overvie w Main computation unit in most computer systems ALUs perform a vaiety...
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ENGIN 112 Intro to Electrical and Computer Engineering Lecture 33 <a href="/keyword/arithmetic-logic-unit/" >arithmetic logic unit</a> (ALU) ENGIN112 L33: <a href="/keyword/arithmetic-logic-unit/" >arithmetic logic unit</a> s November 21, 2003 Overvie w Main computation unit in most computer systems ALUs perform a vaiety of different functions Add, subtract, OR, AND... Example: ALU chip (74LS382) Has data and control inputs Individual chips can be chained together to make larger ALUs ALUs are important parts of datapaths ROMs often are usd in the control path Build a data and control path ENGIN112 L33: <a href="/keyword/arithmetic-logic-unit/" >arithmetic logic unit</a> s November 21, 2003 ROM-based Moore Machine Timing What is the maximum clock frequency of this circuit? Does this circuit satisfy hold time constraints? ROM ROM ENGIN112 L33: <a href="/keyword/arithmetic-logic-unit/" >arithmetic logic unit</a> s November 21, 2003 <a href="/keyword/arithmetic-logic-unit/" >arithmetic logic unit</a> <a href="/keyword/arithmetic-logic-unit/" >arithmetic logic unit</a> functions Two multi-bit data inputs Function indicates action (e.g. add, subtract, OR...) Function DataA DataB ALU DataOut Conditions DataOut is same bit width as multi-bit inputs (DataA and DataB) ALU is combinational Conditions indicate special conditions of arithmetic activity (e.g. overflow). Think of ALU as a number of other arithmetic and logic blocks in a single box! Function selects the block Adder Subtract AND ... November 21, 2003 ENGIN112 L33: <a href="/keyword/arithmetic-logic-unit/" >arithmetic logic unit</a> s ALU Integrated Circuit Integrated circuit off-the-shelf components Examine the functionality of this ALU chip Performs 8 functions ENGIN112 L33: <a href="/keyword/arithmetic-logic-unit/" >arithmetic logic unit</a> s November 21, 2003 Exa mpl e Determine the 74HC382 ALU outputs for the following inputs: S2S1S0=010, A3A2A1A0=0100, B3B2B1B0=0001, and CN=1. Function code indicates subtract 0100 0001 = 0011 Change the select code to 101 and repeat. Function code indicates OR 0100 OR 0001 = 0101 Synchronize ALU with a clock DataA Function DataB ALU DataOut Conditions ENGIN112 L33: <a href="/keyword/arithmetic-logic-unit/" >arithmetic logic unit</a> s November 21, 2003 Exp and ing Multi-bit ALU created by connecting carry output of the low-order chip to carry in of high order ALU Eight-bit ALU formed from 2 four-bit ALUs ENGIN112 L33: <a href="/keyword/arithmetic-logic-unit/" >arithmetic logic unit</a> s November 21, 2003 Datapath components Tri-state buffer In Out If Enable asserted, Out = In Otherwise Out open-circuit Enable Loadable register Clk Load Data stored on rising edge if Load is asserted (e.g. Load = 1) ENGIN112 L33: <a href="/keyword/arithmetic-logic-unit/" >arithmetic logic unit</a> s November 21, 2003 Computation in a Typical Computer Control logic often implemented as a finite state machine (including ROMs) Datapath contains blocks such as ALUs, registers, tristate buffers, and RAMs In a processor chip often a 5 to 1 ratio of datapath to control logic ENGIN112 L33: <a href="/keyword/arithmetic-logic-unit/" >arithmetic logic unit</a> s November 21, 2003 Using a Datapath Consider the following computation steps 1. ADD A, B and put result in A 2. Subtract A, B and put result in B 3. OR A, B put result in A Repeat starting from step 1 Determine values for Function, LoadA, LoadB LoadA A B LoadB Function ALU ENGIN112 L33: <a href="/keyword/arithmetic-logic-unit/" >arithmetic logic unit</a> s November 21, 2003 Modeling Control as a State Machine Consider the following computation steps 1. ADD A, B and put result in A 2. Subtract A, B and put result in B 3. OR A, B put result in A Repeat starting from step 1 Determine values for Function, LoadA, LoadB Model control as a state machine. Determine control outputs for each state S0 S1 S2 ENGIN112 L33: <a href="/keyword/arithmetic-logic-unit/" >arithmetic logic unit</a> s November 21, 2003 Modeling Control as a State Machine Consider the following computation steps 1. ADD A, B and put result in A 2. Subtract A, B and put result in B 3. OR A, B put result in A Repeat starting from step 1 States S0 = 00 S1 = 01 S2 = 10 Present State 00 01 10 Next State 01 10 00 Function 011 010 101 LoadA 1 0 1 LoadB 0 1 0 We know how to implement this using an SOP. Can we use a ROM? ENGIN112 L33: <a href="/keyword/arithmetic-logic-unit/" >arithmetic logic unit</a> s November 21, 2003 ROM Implementation of State Machine Present State 00 01 10 ROM 0101110 1001001 0010110 PS Next State 01 10 00 Function 011 010 101 LoadA 1 0 1 LoadB 0 1 0 States S0 = 00 S1 = 01 S2 = 10 00 01 10 Note:...
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