Coursehero >> California >> USC >> PSYC 360

Course Hero has millions of student submitted documents similar to the one below including study guides, homework solutions, papers, exam answer keys and textbook solutions.

Today Overview s topic: start anxiety disorders Looking ahead: Next Mon: finish anxiety disorders Next Wed: dissociative and somatoform disorders RR4 due next Wednesday Review: etiologies of PTSD Biological theories Behavioral theories Cognitive theories Janoff-Bulman: Shattered assumptions Interpersonal/sociocultural theories Treatments for PTSD Behavior therapy: Systematic desensitization & exposure Exposure to feared stimulus repeatedly and for prolonged periods leads to habituation and extinction Imaginal vs. in-vivo-actual experience New option: virtual reality Treatments for PTSD Anxiety management Cognitive therapy Eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy (EMDR) Anxiety responses Anxiety-more about apprehension of future than fear Somatic, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral symptoms Difference from fear? Adaptive vs. maladaptive anxiety-out of proportion, persistent, unrealistic. Panic attacks-need at least 4 symptoms + intense, immediate fear reaction. Cued/situational or uncued panic attacks. Anxiety disorders, in general General definition and history Excessive anxiety, attempt to ward off/avoid anxiety Prevalence Most prevalent disorder as a class- 30% Impact on society w/ other anxiety disorders and depression Comorbidity- Lifetime prevalence 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Panic GAD Phobia (National Comorbidity Survey, 2007) OCD PTSD Etiologies, in general Behavioral approach: two-stage learning theory of anxiety disorders Classically condittioned to fear something--> negatively reinforced by avoiding it Cognitive approach: faulty appraisals about danger and low coping ability Perceiving unrealistic threats Psychodynamic approach: too much anxiety or rigid defense mechanisms Weak ego-->defense mechanism=avoidance Etiologies, in general Biological approach: Heritability: of what, exactly?-physiologically easily aroused Neurotransmitters: GABA, Norepinephrine, Serotonin Brain structures: limbic system and frontal cortex-->lower functioning w/ ptsd Flight-or-fight system (FFS) Behavioral inhibition system (BIS) Jeffrey Gray- Behavioral Activation System Phobias General Specific clinical description-specific duration, excessive fear, impair life. Persistent irrational fear of something, accompanied avoidance. phobias-flying, heights, shakes Agoraphobia-fear of being anywhere you cant escape With or without panic disorder Social phobia-fear of being judged by others. Most ppl will have panic attack if put in situation w/ fear Negative beliefs in social phobia I ll shake constantly, and people will think I m an alcoholic I ll sweat heavily, and everyone will think that I m nervous. I ll babble a lot, and everyone will think that I m nervous. I ll look anxious, and people will think that I m stupid. Wells & Papageorgiou (1999) Types of phobias (NCS) Social Phobia Specific Phobias Agoraphobia w/o Panic Agoraphobia with Panic 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Lifetime Prevalence Types of specific phobias Flying Water, storm s Enclosure Blood, injury Heights Anim als 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Lifetime Prevalence Age of onset of phobias 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Anim als Blood Dentists Social Closed Crowds spaces Source: Ost (1987, 1992) Etiologies of phobias Behavioral theory Cognitive appraisals-unrealistic threat appraisal Psychodynamic theory-displaced anxiety onto neutral stim Biological factors Treatments of phobias Systematic desensitization & exposure Relaxation training Coping skills training Social skills training Panic disorder (PD) Clinical description With or without agoraphobia of Age onset Gender differences Comorbidity People with panic disorder often avoid Running up stairs Walking in intense heat Hot, stuffy rooms Aerobics Lifting heavy objects Dancing Sex Horror movies Watching sports Saunas Hiking Sports Drinking caffeine Eating chocolate Getting angry Standing up quickly Panic disorder Etiologies Behavioral theory Cognitive appraisals Psychodynamic theory Biological factors Treatment Interoceptive exposure Interoceptive therapy exercises Place head between legs for 30 seconds and then lift up quickly. Hold your breath for 30-45 seconds. Run or walk up stairs for 1 minute. Spin in a chair for 1 minute. Hyperventilate for 1 minute. Breathe through a thin straw for 1 minute. Stare at a small spot on the wall for 2 minutes. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) Clinical description Worry Meta-worry Gender differences Age of onset Course GAD Etiologies Behavioral theory Cognitive appraisals Psychodynamic theory Biological factors Treatment: CBT + mindfulness/acceptance Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Clinical description Obsessions Compulsions Comorbidity Course Common obsessions and compulsions 40 35 30 Percent 25 20 15 10 5 0 Contam. Harm Order Check Clean Repeat Source: Foa & Kozak (1995) Examples Obsession: A young woman is continuously terrified by the thought that cars might careen onto the sidewalk and run over her. Compulsion: She always walks as far from the street pavement as possible and wears red clothes so that she will be immediately visible to an out-of-control car. Examples Obsession: A college student has the urge to shout obscenities while sitting through lectures in classes. Compulsion: Carefully monitoring his watch, he bites his tongue every 60 seconds in order to ward off the inclination to shout. Examples Obsession: A young boy worries incessantly that something terrible might happen to his mother while sleeping at night. Compulsion: On his way up to bed each night, he climbs the stairs according to a fixed sequence of three steps up, followed by two steps down in order to ward off danger. Nonclinical obsessions Harming Impulse to jump out of high window Ideas of jumping in front of a car Impulse to push someone in front of a train Thoughts of dropping a baby Contamination or disease Catching a disease from public pools or places Thoughts of catching disease from toilet seat Idea that dirt is always on my hand Nonclinical obsessions Inappropriate behavior Idea of swearing or yelling at boss Thought of blurting out something at church Thought of unnatural sexual act Doubts about safety, memory, etc. Thoughts that I haven t locked the house Idea that I ve left heater or stove on Idea that I ve left the car unlocked when I know I have OCD Etiologies: Behavioral theory Cognitive appraisals Biological factors Treatment: Exposure and response (ritual) prevention Efficacy of treatments, in general Biological treatments for anxiety disorders Antianxiety drugs Benzodiazepines (minor tranquilizers) Antidepressants MAO inhibitors Tricyclics Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) Anxiety in other cultures India Avg % of symptoms Insomnia Nervousness Heart beating Shortness of breath Disturbing dreams 24 54 48 13 8 21 Individual symptoms (%): 23 36 24 15 22 37 27 13 6 35 21 9 45 32 48 Chile 29 Israel 22 Nigeria 28 Anxiety in other cultures Ataque de nervios Koro: genitals receding into body Rootwork: spells Shenkui: excessive semen loss Pa-Leng: fear of cold or wind Kyol Goeu: fear of wind in vessels Susto: fright disorder

Find millions of documents here - Study Guides, Homework Solutions, Papers, Exam Answer Keys and more. Course Hero has millions of course related materials that will enable you to learn better, faster and get an A in all your courses.
Below is a small sample set of documents: