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lecture 1-18 life cycles & meiosis
Course: BIO 311D, Spring 2005School: University of Texas
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13 Chapter Life cycles and meiosis Learning objectives Differentiate between asexual and sexual reproduction. Describe the three types of life cycles of animals, plants, and fungi. Understand why meiosis is essential to sexual reproduction. Be able to compare and contrast meiosis with mitosis. Know what crossing over involves and when it occurs. Explain how the independent assortment of homologous...
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13 Chapter Life cycles and meiosis Learning objectives
Differentiate between asexual and sexual reproduction.
Describe the three types of life cycles of animals, plants, and fungi.
Understand why meiosis is essential to sexual reproduction. Be able to compare and contrast meiosis with mitosis. Know what crossing over involves and when it occurs. Explain how the independent assortment of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I leads to increased genetic variation. Be able to give examples of cells that are formed by mitosis and meiosis. Terms to know include...tetrad, reduction division, chiasmata, haploid, diploid, genes, gametes, zygote, alternation of generations, synapsis, sporophyte, gametophyte...
Figure 13.6 Three types of sexual life cycles
Key
Haploid Diploid n
Gametes
n
n
Haploid multicellular organism (gametophyte)
Mitosis
Haploid multicellular organism
Mitosis
n
Mitosis
n
Mitosis
n
MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION
n Spores
n Gametes
n n
n n Gametes
n
MEIOSIS
FERTILIZATION MEIOSIS
2n
Zygote
2n
FERTILIZATION
2n
2n
Mitosis
Zygote
Diploid multicellular organism
2n
Mitosis
Diploid multicellular organism (sporophyte)
Zygote
(c) Most fungi and some protists
(a) Animals
(b) Plants and some algae
A Comparison of Mitosis and Meiosis
Meiosis can distinguished be from mitosis by three events in Meiosis I:
Synapsis and crossing over Homologous chromosomes physically connect and exchange genetic information.
Tetrads on the metaphase plate - At metaphase I of meiosis, paired homologous chromosomes (tetrads) are positioned on the metaphase plates.
Separation of homologues - At anaphase I of meiosis, homologous pairs move toward opposite poles of the cell. In anaphase II of meiosis, the sister chromatids separate.
1. A cell in G2 before meiosis compared with one of the four cells produced by that meiotic division has
a. twice as much DNA and twice as many chromosomes. b. four times as much DNA and twice as many chromosomes. c. four times as much DNA and four times as many chromosomes. d. half as much DNA but the same number of chromosomes. e. half as much DNA and half as many chromosomes.
2. The DNA content of a diploid cell in the G1 phase of the cell cycle is measured. If the DNA content is x, then the DNA content at metaphase of meiosis II would be a. 0.25x. b. 0.5x. c. x. d. 2x. e. 4x.
3. Which of the following would not be considered a haploid cell? a. daughter cell after meiosis II b. gamete c. daughter cell after mitosis in gametophyte generation of a plant d. cell in prophase I e. cell in prophase II
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