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PHP

Course: COMP 519, Fall 2009
School: East Los Angeles College
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Word Count: 2898

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Web COMP519: Programming Autumn 2008 PHP Basics: Introduction to PHP a PHP file, PHP workings, running PHP. Basic PHP syntax variables, operators, if...else...and switch, while, do while, and for. Some useful PHP functions How to work with HTML forms, cookies, files, time and date. How to create a basic checker for user-entered data Server-Side Dynamic Web Programming CGI is one of the most common approaches to server-side programming Universal support: (almost) Every server supports CGI programming. A great deal of ready-to-use CGI code. Most APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) also allow CGI programming. Choice of languages: CGI is extremely general, so that programs may be written in nearly any language. Perl is by far the most popular, with the result that many people think that CGI means Perl. But C, C++, Ruby or Python are also used for CGI programming. Drawbacks: A separate process is run every time the script is requested. A distinction is made between HTML pages and code. Other server-side alternatives try to avoid the drawbacks Server-Side Includes (SSI): Code is embedded in HTML pages, and evaluated on the server while the pages are being served. Add dynamically generated content to an existing HTML page, without having to serve the entire page via a CGI program. Active Server Pages (ASP, Microsoft) : The ASP engine is integrated into the web server so it does not require an additional process. It allows programmers to mix code within HTML pages instead of writing separate programs. (Drawback(?) Must be run on a server using Microsoft server software.) Java Servlets (Sun): As CGI scripts, they are code that creates documents. These must be compiled as classes which are dynamically loaded by the web server when they are run. Java Server Pages (JSP): Like ASP, another technology that allows developers to embed Java in web pages. PHP developed in 1995 by Rasmus Lerdorf (member of the Apache Group) originally designed as a tool for tracking visitors at Lerdorf's Web site within 2 years, widely used in conjunction with the Apache server developed into full-featured, scripting language for server-side programming free, open-source server plug-ins exist for various servers now fully integrated to work with mySQL databases PHP is similar to JavaScript, only its a server-side language PHP code is embedded in HTML using tags when a page request arrives, the server recognizes PHP content via the file extension (.php or .phtml) the server executes the PHP code, substitutes output into the HTML page the resulting page is then downloaded to the client user never sees the PHP code, only the output in the page The acronym PHP means (in a slightly recursive definition) PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor What do You Need? Our server supports PHP You don't need to do anything special! * You don't need to compile anything or install any extra tools! Create some .php files in your web directory - and the server will parse them for you. * Slightly different rules apply when dealing with an SQL database (as will be explained when we get to that point). Most servers support PHP Download PHP for free here: http://www.php.net/downloads.php Download MySQL for free here: http://www.mysql.com/downloads/index.html Download Apache for free here: http://httpd.apache.org/download.cgi (All of this is already present on the CS servers, so you need not do any installation yourself.) Basic PHP syntax A PHP scripting block always starts with <?php and ends with ?>. A PHP scripting block can be placed (almost) anywhere in an HTML document. <html>  <head><title>Hello World</title></head> <body> This is going to be ignored by the PHP interpreter. <?php echo While this is going to be parsed.; ?> This will also be ignored by PHP. <?php print(Hello and welcome to my page!'); ?> <?php //This is a comment /* This is a comment block */ ?> </body> </html> print and echo for output a semicolon (;) at the end of each statement // for a single-line comment /* and */ for a large comment block. view the output page The server executes the print and echo statements, substitutes output. Scalars All variables in PHP start with a $ sign symbol. A variable's type is determined by the context in which that variable is used (i.e. there is no strong-typing in PHP). <html><head></head>  <body> <?php $foo = true; if ($foo) echo "It is TRUE! \n"; $txt='1234'; echo "$txt \n"; $a = 1234; echo "$a \n"; $a = -123; echo "$a \n"; $a = 1.234; echo "$a \n"; $a = 1.2e3; echo "$a \n"; $a = 7E-10; echo "$a \n"; echo 'Arnold once said: "I\'ll be back"', " \n"; $beer = 'Heineken'; echo "$beer's taste is great \n"; $str = <<<EOD Example of string spanning multiple lines using heredoc syntax. EOD; echo $str; ?> </body> </html> Four scalar types: boolean true or false integer, float, floating point numbers string single quoted double quoted view the output page Arrays An array in PHP is actually an ordered map. A map is a type that maps values to keys. <?php $arr = array("foo" => "bar", 12 => true); echo $arr["foo"]; // bar echo $arr[12]; // 1 ?> array() = creates arrays key = either an integer or a string. value = any PHP type. if no key, the maximum of the integer indices + 1. if an existing key, its value will be overwritten. can set values in an array unset() removes a key/value pair array_values() makes reindexing effect (indexing numerically) *Find more on arrays <?php array(5 => 43, 32, 56, "b" => 12); array(5 => 43, 6 => 32, 7 => 56, "b" => 12); ?> <?php $arr = array(5 => 1, 12 => 2); $arr[] = 56; // the same as $arr[13] = 56; $arr["x"] = 42; // adds a new element unset($arr[5]); // removes the element unset($arr); // deletes the whole array $a = array(1 => 'one', 2 => 'two', 3 => 'three'); unset($a[2]); $b = array_values($a); view the output page ?> Constants A constant is an identifier (name) for a simple value. A constant is case-sensitive by default. By convention, constant identifiers are always uppercase. <?php // Valid constant names define("FOO", "something"); define("FOO2", "something else"); define("FOO_BAR", "something more"); // Invalid constant names // with a number!) define("2FOO", (they shouldnt start "something"); You can access constants anywhere in your script without regard to scope. // This is valid, but should be avoided: // PHP may one day provide a magical constant // that will break your script define("__FOO__", "something"); ?> Operators Arithmetic Operators: +, -, *,/ , %, ++, - Assignment Operators: =, +=, -=, *=, /=, %= Example x+=y x-=y x*=y x/=y x%=y Is the same as x=x+y x=x-y x=x*y x=x/y x=x%y Comparison Operators: ==, !=, >, <, >=, <= Logical Operators: &&, ||, ! String Operators: . and .= (for string concatenation) $a = "Hello "; $b = $a . "World!"; // now $b contains "Hello World!" $a = "Hello "; $a .= "World!"; Conditionals: if else Can execute a set of code depending on a condition <html><head></head>  <body> <?php $d=date("D"); if ($d=="Fri") echo "Have a nice weekend! "; else echo "Have a nice day! "; $x=10; if ($x==10) { echo "Hello "; echo "Good morning "; } ?> </body> </html> if (condition) code to be executed if condition is true; else code to be executed if condition is false; date() is a built-in PHP function that can be called with many different parameters to return the date (and/or local time) in various formats In this case we get a three letter string for the day of the week. view the output page Conditionals: switch Can select one of many sets of lines to execute <html><head></head> <body> <!- switch-cond.php COMP519 --> <?php $x = rand(1,5); // random integer echo x = $x ; switch ($x) { case 1: echo "Number 1"; break; case 2: echo "Number 2"; break; case 3: echo "Number 3"; break; default: echo "No number between 1 and 3"; break; } ?> </body> </html> switch (expression) { case label1: code to be executed if expression = label1; break; case label2: code to be executed if expression = label2; break; default: code to be executed if expression is different from both label1 and label2; break; } view the output page Looping: while and do-while Can loop depending on a condition <html><head></head> <body> <?php $i=1; while($i <= 5) { echo "The number is $i "; $i++; } ?> </body> </html> <html><head></head> <body> <?php $i=0; do { $i++; echo "The number is $i "; } while($i <= 10); ?> </body> </html> view the output page view the output page loops through a block of code if, and as long as, a specified condition is true loops through a block of code once, and then repeats the loop as long as a special condition is true (so will always execute at least once) Looping: for and foreach Can loop depending on a "counter" <?php for ($i=1; $i<=5; $i++) { echo "Hello World! "; } ?> <?php $a_array = array(1, 2, 3, 4); foreach ($a_array as $value) { $value = $value * 2; echo $value \n; } ?> <?php $a_array=array("a","b","c"); foreach ($a_array as $key => $value) { echo $key." = ".$value."\n"; } ?> loops through a block of code a specified number of times view the output page loops through a of block code for each element in an array User Defined Functions Can define a function using syntax such as the following: <?php function foo($arg_1, $arg_2, /* ..., */ $arg_n) { echo "Example function.\n"; return $retval; } ?> Can also define conditional functions, functions within functions, and recursive functions. Can return a value of any type <?php function square($num) { return $num * $num; } echo square(4); ?> <?php function small_numbers() { return array (0, 1, 2); } list ($zero, $one, $two) = small_numbers(); echo $zero, $one, $two; ?> <?php function takes_array($input) { echo "$input[0] + $input[1] = ", $input[0]+$input[1]; } takes_array(array(1,2)); ?> view the output page Variable Scope The scope of a variable is the context within which it is defined. <?php $a = 1; /* limited variable scope */ function Test() { echo $a; /* reference to local scope variable */ } Test(); ?> <?php $a = 1; $b = 2; function Sum() { global $a, $b; $b = $a + $b; } Sum(); echo $b; ?> The scope is local within functions, and hence the value of $a is undefined in the echo statement. global refers to its global version. <?php function Test() { static $a = 0; echo $a; $a++; } Test1(); Test1(); Test1(); ?> static does not lose its value. view the output page Including Files The include() statement includes and evaluates the specified file. vars.php <?php $color = 'green'; $fruit = 'apple'; ?> test.php <?php echo "A $color $fruit"; // A include 'vars.php'; echo "A $color $fruit"; // A green apple ?> ?> <?php function foo() { global $color; include ('vars.php); echo "A $color $fruit"; } /* * * * vars.php is in the scope of foo() so * $fruit is NOT available outside of this * scope. $color is because we declared it * as global. */ // A green apple // A green foo(); echo "A $color $fruit"; view the output page view the output page *The scope of variables in included files depends on where the include file is added! You can use the include_once, require, and require_once statements in similar ways. PHP Information The phpinfo() function is used to output PHP information about the version installed on the server, parameters selected when installed, etc. <html><head></head> <! info.php COMP519 <body> <?php // Show all PHP information phpinfo(); ?> <?php // Show only the general information phpinfo(INFO_GENERAL); ?> </body> </html> INFO_GENERAL The configuration line, php.ini location, build date, Web Server, System and more PHP 4 credits Local and master values for php directives Loaded modules Environment variable information All predefined variables from EGPCS PHP license information INFO_CREDITS INFO_CONFIGURATION INFO_MODULES INFO_ENVIRONMENT INFO_VARIABLES INFO_LICENSE INFO_ALL view the output page Shows all of the above (default) Server Variables The $_SERVER array variable is a reserved variable that contains all server information. <html><head></head> <body> <?php echo "Referer: " . $_SERVER["HTTP_REFERER"] . " "; echo "Browser: " . $_SERVER["HTTP_USER_AGENT"] . " "; echo "User's IP address: " . $_SERVER["REMOTE_ADDR"]; ?> </body> </html> view the output page The $_SERVER is a super global variable, i.e. it's available in all scopes of a PHP script. File Open The fopen("file_name","mode") function is used to open files in PHP. r w a x Read only. r+ Write only. w+ Append. a+ Create and open for write only. x+ Read/Write. Read/Write. Read/Append. Create and open for read/write. <?php $fh=fopen("welcome.txt","r"); ?> For w, and a, if no file exists, it tries to create it (use with caution, i.e. check that this is the case, otherwise youll overwrite an existing file). For x if a file exists, it returns an error. <?php if ( !($fh=fopen("welcome.txt","r")) ) exit("Unable to open file!"); ?> If the fopen() function is unable to open the specified file, it returns 0 (false). File Workings fclose() closes a file. fgetc() reads a single character fwrite(), fputs () writes a string with and without \n <?php $myFile = "welcome.txt"; if (!($fh=fopen($myFile,'r'))) exit("Unable to open file."); while (!feof($fh)) { $x=fgetc($fh); echo $x; } fclose($fh); view the output page ?> <?php $lines = file('welcome.txt'); foreach ($lines as $l_num => $line) { echo "Line #{$l_num}: .$line. ; view the output page } ?> feof() determines if the end is true. fgets() reads a line of data file() reads entire file into an array <?php $myFile = "welcome.txt"; $fh = fopen($myFile, 'r'); $theData = fgets($fh); fclose($fh); echo $theData; view the output page ?> <?php $myFile = "testFile.txt"; $fh = fopen($myFile, 'a') or die("can't open file"); $stringData = "New Stuff 1\n"; fwrite($fh, $stringData); $stringData = "New Stuff 2\n"; fwrite($fh, $stringData); fclose($fh); view the output page ?> Form Handling Any form element is automatically available via one of the built-in PHP variables (provided the element has a name defined with it). <html> <-- form.html COMP519 --> <body> <form action="welcome.php" method="POST"> Enter your name: <input type="text" name="name" /> Enter your age: <input type="text" name="age" /> <input type="submit" /> <input type="reset" /> </form> </body> </html> <html> <!- welcome.php COMP 519 --> <body> Welcome <?php echo $_POST["name"]..; ?> You are <?php echo $_POST["age"]; ?> years old! </body> </html> $_POST contains all POST data. $_GET contains all GET data. view the output page Cookie Workings setcookie(name,value,expire,path,domain) creates cookies. <?php setcookie("uname", $_POST["name&qu...

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sampleTex.pdf

Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet - MATH - 445

A SAMPLE MATH DOCUMENTJOHN DOE, MATH 445, FALL 2006This is a sample input le. Comparing it with the output it generates can show you how to produce a simple document of your own. 1. Ordinary Text The ends of words and sentences are marked by space

heuristics.pdf

Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet - MATH - 820

TSP HeuristicsLuis Goddyn, Math 408 There are two types of heuristic methods for finding optimal TSP tours. Scratch methods produce an initial tour which is hopefully fairly close (say 10%) from being optimal. Improvement methods (sometimes called p

homework7sol.pdf

Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet - MATH - 445

Homework 7 SolutionsOuterplanar A graph G is outerplanar if it can be drawn in the plane so that all vertices lie on the infinite face. 1. Show that G is outerplanar if and only if G has no K2,3 or K4 minor. Solution: Let G+ be the graph obtained fr

exercises.pdf

Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet - MATH - 820

Exercises for Math 820 Luis Goddyn 1. Let w : V {0, 1, 2, . . .} be a weighting of the vertices of an undirected graph G = (V, E). Describe an algorithm which either nds an orientation of G for which each vertex v has out-degree exactly + (v) = w(v

sol5.pdf

Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet - MATH - 443

MATH 443 - Assignment #5Below are short answers (hints) to assigned questions.37ALet C denote the group of rotations of the cube. Following the description of elements of C in Appendix 1 we find that the cycle index of the action of C on the six

notes11.pdf

Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet - MATH - 445

Higher Surfaces I: embeddings and the torusIn this section, graphs are permitted to have loops and parallel edges. Surface: A surface is a topological space which appears locally like the plane. More precisely, for every point x in the surface, ther

notes16.pdf

Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet - MATH - 445

Extremal Graph Theory II: more Ramsey TheoryIn this section, graphs are assumed to have no loops or parallel edges. Hypergraph: A hypergraph H consists of a set of vertices, denoted V (H), a set of edges (sometimes called hyperedges), denoted E(H),

homework5sol.pdf

Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet - MATH - 445

Homework 5 Solutions1. If G is a 2-connected simple plane graph with minimum degree 3, does it follow that the dual graph G is simple? Give a proof or a counterexample. Solution: The following graph is a counterexample:2. Prove that contracting an

exam.pdf

East Los Angeles College - COMP - 213

Time allowed: TWO Hours Answer four questions. If you answer more than four questions, your answer with the lowest mark will be ignored. 1. A Rose Tree is a tree with an integer internal label and a List of subtrees, each of which is a Rose Tree. We