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Soils-ENCI579-Lecture1-contd
Course: ENCI 579, Fall 2009School: Wilfrid Laurier
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Word Count: 1116
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Properties Engineering of Soils Unified Soil Classification 2 ENCI 579 1 Engineering Properties of Soils Unified Soil Classification 2 ENCI 579 2 Engineering Properties of Soils Unified Soil Classification 2 ENCI 579 3 Engineering Properties of Soils Soil #1 Unified Soil Classification - Examples Soil #2 4.75mm (88%) 425m (28%) 75m (9%) Wp = 20 WL = 31 Ip = 31 - 20 = 11 Cu = 25 Cc= 1.6 SW-SC 4...
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Properties Engineering of Soils
Unified Soil Classification
2 ENCI 579
1
Engineering Properties of Soils
Unified Soil Classification
2 ENCI 579
2
Engineering Properties of Soils
Unified Soil Classification
2 ENCI 579
3
Engineering Properties of Soils
Soil #1
Unified Soil Classification - Examples
Soil #2
4.75mm (88%) 425m (28%) 75m (9%) Wp = 20 WL = 31 Ip = 31 - 20 = 11 Cu = 25 Cc= 1.6 SW-SC
4
9.5mm (100%) 4.75mm (60%) 425m (30%) 150m (10%) 75m (4%) Cu = D60/D10 = 4.75/.150= 32 Cc = (D30)2/ (D60xD10 =(.425)2/ 2 ENCI 579
Engineering Properties of Soils AASHTO Soil Classification
2 ENCI 579
5
Engineering Properties of Soils
AASHTO Soil Classification
Example
38mm (100%) 2.00mm (65%) 425m (45%) 75m (30%)
WL = 35 IP = 21
2 ENCI 579
A-2-6
6
Engineering Properties of Soils Soil Water Types of water found in soil
Free water or gravitational
found below the water table free to flow under the forces of gravity
Capillary water
brought up through soil pores due to surface tension and found above water table in certain soil conditions
Attached water or held water
2 ENCI 579
moisture film around soil grains quantity may be very large for clays
7
Engineering Properties of Soils Soil Water
2 ENCI 579
8
Engineering Properties of Soils Soil Water
2 ENCI 579
9
Engineering Properties of Soils Soil Water
Water Flow Through Soils
where q is the flow of water (cm3/s)
I is the hydraulic gradient causing the flow I = H (head loss due to flow through soil) L (length of path of flow through the soil) A is the cross sectional area of the flow path (cm2) k is the coefficient of permeability of average velocity of water through the soil (cm/s)
Darcys law can also be stated as
q=kHA
2 ENCI 579
L
10
Engineering Properties of Soils Soil Water
2 ENCI 579
11
Engineering Properties of Soils Soil Water
2 ENCI 579
12
Engineering Properties of Soils Soil Water
Determining Permeability of Soils Clean uniform sands Hazens formula k=(D10)2 where: k=coefficient of permeability (cm/s) D10 = effective size (mm) Sands Constant Head Permeability Test Fine sands and silts Falling Head Permeability Test Clays 2 ENCI 579 Consolidation Test
13
Engineering Properties of Soils Soil Water
Coefficient of Permeability (Sands) Darcys Law q=kHA L k = qL HA q = measured flow (cm3/s) H = head loss L = length of path (cm) A = cross sectional area (cm2)
2 ENCI 579 14
Engineering Properties of Soils Soil Water - Sands
2 ENCI 579
15
Engineering Properties of Soils Soil Water - Fine sands / silts
2 ENCI 579
16
Engineering Properties of Soils Soil Water - Fine sands / silts k
K = La ln (h1/ h2) TA
a = area of the standpipe A = area of sample T = time L = length of sample h1,h2 = initial and final heads For fine sands/silts, small flows Used when the quantity of flow would be too small to measure properly by a constant head permeability test
2 ENCI 579
17
Engineering Properties of Soils Soil Water - Capillary Rise
2 ENCI 579
18
Engineering Properties of Soils Soil Water - Capillary Water
Water that rises in tubes or pore spaces due to surface tension hc varies inversely with d hc can be determined by: surface tension force = force due to gravity of the volume of water S.T. x d = d2/4 x hc x g x w hc = 4 x S.T.
2 ENCI 579 19
dxgx
Engineering Properties of Soils Soil Water - Capillary Water Contd Example - For Water: Using: S.T. = 0.075g/cm g w = 1 g/cm3
hc (cm) = 0.3
d (cm)
2 ENCI 579 20
Engineering Properties of Soils Soil Water Typical Values of capillary rise
Sands 0-1 meters Silts 1-10 meters Clays over 10 meters Pore sizes in soils are similar to tubes pore sizes vary greatly with different soils and therefore difficult to measure Estimate by 20 % of the effective size D10
2 ENCI 579 21
Engineering of Properties Soils Soil Water Surface Tension in Soil Water
Soil is saturated above the groundwater table
difficulty in establishing ground water table
Apparent Cohesion in sands and silts
mistakenly indicating a clay material
Frost Heaving
water in large pores freeze water in smaller pores not frozen drawn to ice crystal freezes enlarging the ice crystal capillary water moves up pore spaces to replace smaller water particles 2 ENCI 579 continuous process
22
Engineering Properties of Soils Soil Strength and Settlement
2 ENCI 579
23
Engineering Properties of Soils Soil Strength and Settlement
Shear strength is shear stress resisting failure along a plane Shear stress ( ) varies with mass of the block or normal stress () tan = / = tan
= shearing resistance = normal stress on plane of failure 24 = angle of internal friction
2 ENCI 579
Engineering Properties of Soils Soil Strength and Settlement
Clays
shear strength is due to cohesion forces between the grains = c
Granular soils
shear strength results from friction between the grains along the shearing plane = tan
Mixed Soils
shear strength is due to both cohesion and friction = c + tan
2 ENCI 579 25
Engineering Properties of Soils Soil Strength and Settlement
Shear strength in soils can be measured by a number of tests At failure, f (strain at failure) is used to correct the cross sectional area Af = Ao 1- f
2 ENCI 579
Unconfined Compressive Test clays
strain (change in length) and load at failure are measured Unconfined Compressive strength=
qu = Max Load Af Shear Strength (cohesion) = qu/2
26
Engineering Properties of Soils Soil Strength and Settlement
Shear plane develops in stiff samples at 5560 with horizontal Note: Soft saturated clays, bulging may occur f = 0.15
2 ENCI 579 27
Engineering Properties of Soils Soil Strength and Settlement
Direct Shear Test
any soil type
Maximum value shear force is measured Stresses at failure, are calculated = / = max shear stress / A
Cohesionless Soils
Calculate , = arctan ( / ) shear strength = tan
Soft Clays
shear strength = shear stress recorded
2 ENCI 579 28
Engineering Properties of Soils Soil Strength and Settlement
Mixed Soils
two tests required
Test...
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