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33 Pages

Soils-ENCI579-Lecture1

Course: ENCI 579, Fall 2009
School: Wilfrid Laurier
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Properties Engineering of Soils Soil Types Engineering Properties of Soils foundation for the project construction material (road embankments,earth dams) Soil Definition (Engineering) refers to all unconsolidated material in the earths crust, all material above bedrock mineral particles (sands, silts, clays) organic material (topsoil, marshes) + air + water Soils ENCI 579 1 Engineering Properties of Soils...

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Properties Engineering of Soils Soil Types Engineering Properties of Soils foundation for the project construction material (road embankments,earth dams) Soil Definition (Engineering) refers to all unconsolidated material in the earths crust, all material above bedrock mineral particles (sands, silts, clays) organic material (topsoil, marshes) + air + water Soils ENCI 579 1 Engineering Properties of Soils Soil Types Mineral Soil Particles weathering of rock from the crust of the earth physical weathering and chemical weathering Physical Weathering action of frost, water, wind, glaciers, plant/animals, etc. breaking particles away from original bedrock particles transported by wind, water, ice >rounding and reducing their size soils formed are called granular soil type Soils ENCI 579 2 grains are similar to the original bedrock Engineering Properties of Soils Soil Types Chemical weathering occurs when water flows through rocks and leaches out some of the mineral components of the rock soils formed are called clays clay particles are mineral crystals that have very different properties from those of the original bedrock Soils ENCI 579 3 Engineering Properties of Soils Mineral Soils Soils ENCI 579 4 Engineering Properties of Soils Soil Types Granular and Cohesive soil types difference in engineering properties result from the large variation in size and shape of the grains Cohesive soil type (clays) grains are extremely small and flat the mass of a grain as a force is negligible when compared to the forces resulting from the surface properties of the grain Soils ENCI 579 5 Engineering Properties of Soils Soil Types Water Holding Capacity of Clays Shrinkage evaporation of exposed clays loading Expansion dry side may absorb moisture Structure of Clays deposited by settling out in lakes Soils ENCI 579 6 Engineering Properties of Soils Soil Types Structure of Clays surface charges forces grains to edge to side pattern flocculent structure as opposed to granular soils which are deposited in a denser configuration because the force of gravity on the mass of these grains is more important Soils ENCI 579 7 Engineering Properties of Soils Soil Types Clays have surface charges due to the very large surface area per gram of material Chemical composition results in: negative charges along the sides of a grain positive charges at the ends of a grain clay grain Results of these surface properties water holding capacity of clays surface charges attract water structure of clay deposits Soils ENCI 579 8 Engineering Properties of Soils Soil Types Soils ENCI 579 9 Engineering Properties of Soils Soil Types Clay Soils Small flat shape Negative/positive surface charges Bound water on the surface Different clay minerals are different in size Swelling clays absorb water into the crystal lattice Shrinkage due to evaporation or loading Soils ENCI 579 10 Engineering Properties of Soils Soil Types Granular Soils Larger grain sizes than clays Particles tend to be more or less spheres/cubes Bound water is small compared to overall mass Silt particles may not be visible to eye but tend to be gritty, have dull appearance and lack cohesion when dry Soils ENCI 579 11 Engineering Properties of Soils Soil Types Organic Soils Tend to be fibrous and/or amorphous Brown to Black in color High moisture holding capacity Water may run out when squeezed Dried organic soils may combust Soils ENCI 579 12 Engineering Properties of Soils Soil Types Silts are coarser than clays and not bond tightly together Silts are gritty, less plastic and dull when cut Dry Strength-silts loose apparent cohesion when dried Shaking test-saturated silt samples become denser water seeps to the surface - dilantancy Soils ENCI 579 13 Engineering Properties of Soils Mass-Volume Relationships Soils ENCI 579 14 Engineering Properties of Soils Mass-Volume Relationships Example 1-2 A soil sample has a volume of 175cm3 and a total mass of 300g. Mass when dried is 230g. Relative density of the soil solids is 2.70. Find , D, w, e, S and n Given: Mw = M - MD = 70g MD = 230g M = 300g V = 175cm3 Air Water Solids Soils ENCI 579 15 Engineering Properties of Soils Mass-Volume Relationships Calculations: Vw = Mw/ w = 70g/(1 g/cm3) =70 cm3 VD = MD/(RD x w) = 230g/(2.70 x 1 g/cm3) = 85 cm3 = VA V- (VD + Vw ) = 175 - 155 = 20 cm3 Soils ENCI 579 16 VA = 20 cm3 VW = 70 cm3 VD = 85 cm3 V = 175 cm3 Engineering Properties of Soils Mass-Volume Relationships Answer: = M/V = 300g/175cm3 = 1.71 g/cm3 D = MD/V = 230g/175cm3 = 1.31g/cm3 w = Mw / MD = 70g/230 g = 30.4 % e = Vv / VD = 90 cm3/85 cm3 = 1.06 S = VW /Vv = 70 cm3/90 cm3 = 78 % Soils ENCI 579 n = Vv /V = 90 cm3/ 175 cm3 = 51 % 17 Engineering Properties of Soils Mass-Volume Relationships - Rules 1. Density is given assume total unit volume 1 cm3 or 1 m3 2. Water content is given along with total density or total mass. Use MD = M or D = 1+w 1+w 3. Void Ratio is given and RD assume a unit volume of soil solids VD = 1 m3 Soils ENCI 579 18 Engineering Properties of Soils Mass-Volume Relationship Density Index Field soil condition referred to as loose or dense Density Index is insitu soils density relative to the maximum and minimum for that type of soil Assessing the stability of granular soils Known as relative density DRY MIN ID = DRY MAX x D Soils ENCI 579 D DRY MAX - DRY MIN 19 Engineering Properties of Soils Soils ENCI 579 20 Engineering Properties of Soils Classification Tests Two types of tests used in classifying soils Grain size, measures grain sizes Plasticity, measures grain types Grain Size grain size distribution curve Sieve analysis gravel and sand Hydrometer test for silt and clay Soils ENCI 579 21 Engineering Properties of Soils Classification Tests Hydrometer Test Used to find the size of smaller grains to plot a grain size distribution curve Stokes Law particles in suspension settle out at a rate which varies with their size hydrometer measures the density of a soil-water mix at various times as the grain settles The size of particle to the center of the bulb can be calculated and density of the solution indicates the Soils ENCI 579 percentage of the sample still in solution 22 Engineering Properties of Soils Sieve Analysis Soils ENCI 579 23 Engineering Properties of Soils Classification Tests Soils ENCI 579 24 Engineering Properties of Soils Classification Tests Grain Size Distribution Curve Shape Uniform soil is composed of mainly one size grain Well graded soil contains a wide range of grain sizes Effective Size Effective size is the grain size that only 10% of the grain sizes are finer than. The amount and type of fine grains in a soil are important in assessing the properties of that soil Soils ENCI 579 25 Engineering Properties of Soils Classification Tests Grain Size Distribution Curve Uniformity Coefficient Cu indication of the shape...

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