STYLE REFERENCING FOR USE IN FSES ESSAYS, MAJOR RESEARCH ESSAYS, SUB-THESES AND THESES Source: SRES Honours Handbook, 2002
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THE ELEMENTS OF A RESEARCH ESSAY OR THESIS
There are several essential elements in a thesis: Title page The first page should set out the title of the thesis, state which degree it is submitted for in the Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, your name, and the date of submission. Declaration (of originality) (see examples of wording in previous essays/theses; this is done for you in the MRE Template) Abstract/Summary The short (approx. 1 page) abstract explains: 1. what the project is about; 2. why it was done; 3. what methods were used to carry out the investigations; 4. what were the main findings; and 5. what was concluded from the results. Acknowledgements List of Acronyms and Abbreviations Glossary of Terms Table of contents Lists of figures / tables / boxes/ equations
All the above is called the Preliminary Matter. It is paginated with small (lower case) Roman numerals. So, Declaration is on p.ii, but the numeral i does not appear on the Title Page. Chapters 1-n (often about 6-8 chapters) References (no chapter number) Appendices (optional) The Harvard system of referencing must be used; many journals provide useful models for referencing. If in doubt, consult your supervisor or copies of theses held in the departmental collection Appendices Page layout and format Variations on these standards are appropriate for particular topics. A careful read of the substantial essays or theses in the SRES thesis collection may suggest alternative patterns. Ask your supervisor to recommend some you should see. The following are essential features: i.
Layout and format requirements The template that you should use for your SRES MRE essay, sub-thesis or thesis is available from the Fenner School (FSES) internal website, under Theses templates.
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The essay/thesis should be printed on one side only of A4 paper. For ease of reading it is advisable to use 1.5 line spacing and either 11 or 12 point font size. Single spacing is not acceptable, apart from use for indented quotations, footnotes and list of references. Use a reader-friendly font, such as Times or Helvetica. This is easier to print if you are using a FSES thesis template. A margin of at least 4 cm should be allowed on the left, and 2 cm on the other three margins. Page numbers should be placed within these limits. Photocopies of the essay or thesis are acceptable. 2. Tables, figures and boxes All illustrations and diagrams should be legible and of good quality, and all tables thoughtfully organised. All tables, figures and boxes should be comprehensively and meaningfully captioned so that they stand alone without reference to the text. Each should be identified by its own number. It is convenient for the reader if tables, figures and photographs are inserted into the essay/thesis as close to the relevant text as possible. Longer, more detailed tables could be placed in the Appendices. Sources of figures (eg maps), and sources of data for Tables and Figures should be indicated at the bottom of the item, if they are acquired from other publications or personal collections. If you took the photograph yourself, this should be indicated at the bottom. The words contained in Tables, Figures and Boxes are not counted as part of the final word count. 3. Footnotes Keep the number and length of footnotes to a minimum. Number footnotes consecutively with a superscript and ensure they are included at the bottom of the page on which reference is made to them.
4. Presentation of the essay or thesis for examination Three bound copies in (spiral binding) of the research essay/thesis should be presented for examination: Two - one for each examiner One copy to go to the School collection of research essays/ theses. On submission, this copy will go to the supervisor/s for perusal.
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The Harvard system of referencing
The Harvard system is the most commonly-used method of referencing in the physical, natural and social sciences and is universally recognized and accepted. It is the system recommended for use in SRES for writing at all levels. There are several minor variations of the Harvard system; these do not matter, as long as you are clear and consistent in your use of the system. The Harvard system does not use reference footnotes. Instead it uses an abbreviated form of citation in the text which relates to a reference written out in full in the list of sources at the end of the work. Each citation must have a corresponding reference in the list of sources, or References (sometimes called List of References or Bibliography). Do not list any material that you have consulted but not cited. 1 In-text Citations The citation appears within the text of the written work in brackets at the end of a sentence or clause. It usually consists of the author(s)' surname(s)/family name(s) and the year of publication, as well as the relevant page number(s) if you are referring to (or quoting directly from) a particular place in a book or article. Please do not just place the citation at the end of a paragraph and think that will do. It won't! You must acknowledge the source of maps, diagrams and tables in the same way. Example 1: (Blainey, 1975) Example 2: (Blainey, 1975:42) Example 3: (Constantini and Doley, 2001:184) (if you are quoting directly from the author) It is sometimes appropriate to expand what is included in the brackets to smooth the style of the item and integrate it well into the text. Example 4: (see, for example, Blainey, 1975: 42) However, if you have already referred to the author, it is not necessary to repeat his name, provided that the citation comes directly after the author's name in the text. Example 5: According to Blainey (1975) If you are referring to the same author and same publication more than once in the same piece of text, and those references come straight after one another, you should cite the author's name again, with year and page number: Example 6: Blainey (1975:2) referred to the First Settlers as being "opportunistic". He also regarded them as "environmental spoilers" (Blainey, 1975:10). If you are referring to the whole of a book or article, or to the author's idea or findings the citation does not need to show a page number. However, if you are quoting directly from the author's words, it is particularly important to give the page number. If you are citing a work by more than one author, the following conventions apply: for two authors, both names appear in the citation (Example 7) and in the References (see Example 12); 2. for three or more authors cite the name of the first author only, followed by the Latin term et al. meaning "and others" (Example 8). Note the punctuation of et
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al. It is italicised because it is a non-English phrase. However, all the authors' names must appear in the Bibliography (see Example 13). Example 7: (Barry and Chorley, 1986) Example 8: (Abler et al., 1992) If you wish to include citations for more than one work in your brackets, separate the citations by a semi-colon; the citations should be listed in chronological order: Example 8a: (Barry and Chorley, 1986; Abler et al., 1992) If you wish to cite more than one work, published in different years, by the same author, separate the years by a comma, and put in chronological order: Example 8b: (Johns, 1992a, 1992b, 1993, 2001) 2 Reference List/Bibliography The References list/Bibliography appears at the end of an essay or after the final chapter or appendix in a book or thesis. The purpose of a references list is to enable the reader to trace all the material that has been cited. Careless referencing, incomplete lists of references and citation of works you have not read may be interpreted as indications of plagiarism and must be avoided. The reference list is presented in alphabetical order by authors' surnames/family names. The second and subsequent lines are indented (highlight the whole entry, choose Format, and from the menu choose "Paragraph", and then click on "Hanging"). The format of the entries in a reference list should be as follows: a) BOOKS (MONOGRAPHS) 1. Author(s) family name(s) and initial(s) 1. Year of publication of the book 2. Full title of book, italicised or underlined 3. Publisher 4. Place of publication (usually the city) Example 9: Blainey, G., 1975. The Triumph of the Nomads, Macmillan, Melbourne. b) CHAPTERS IN BOOKS 1. Author(s) family name(s) and initial(s) 2. Year of publication 3. Title of chapter 4. Name of book italicised or underlined 5. Name(s) of editor(s) of the book 6. Publisher 7. Place of publication 8. First and last page number. Example 10: Gale, F., 1982. Aborigines: The original Australians, in Man and the Australian Environment, eds W. Hanley and M. Cooper, McGraw-Hill, Sydney, pp. 219-237.
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c) ARTICLES IN JOURNALS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Author(s) family name(s) and initial(s) Year of publication Full title of article Full name of journal italicised or underlined Volume number (avoid Roman numerals) Issue number (if issues are paginated individually) Month or season (eg Winter) (in brackets) if given First and last page number of the article
Example 11: Campbell, A.H., 1979. Elementary food production by Australian aborigines, Mankind, 6(5): 206-211. Please note the difference between citing page numbers for books and for articles in journals. d) MORE THAN ONE AUTHOR If there are two authors both names appear in the in-text citation and in the corresponding reference. Example 12: Barry, R.G. and Chorley, R.C., 1986. Atmosphere, Weather and Climate, Routledge, London. If there are three or more authors the entry in the References should contain the names of all of the authors, no matter how many there are. Example 13: Abler, R.F., Marcus, M.G. and Olson, J.M. (eds), 1992. Geography's Inner Worlds: a Critical Review, Rutgers University Press, New Jersey. e) ORDER OF ENTRIES IN A LIST OF REFERENCES OR BIBLIOGRAPHY The references are listed alphabetically by the author(s) surname(s), and chronologically by year of publication for each author. That is Anderson, 1978, would be followed by Blainey, 1975 and Carter, 1973. Blainey, 1971 precedes 1975. Blainey, If there are two or more articles by the same first author, but with different second and further authors, the alphabetical rule is extended to the second and (if necessary) subsequent authors. Thus Barry and Chorley, 1986 precedes Barry and Perry, 1975 (See example of a list of References at the end of this paper). If an author has written two or more items in one particular year, letters are used to distinguish these, usually in the order they are cited in the text. Thus an article by Rimmer cited on page 2 of your paper is referenced as Rimmer, 1980a, a book by Rimmer published in the same year and cited on page 3 is referenced as Rimmer, 1980b, and so on. The letters are included in both the citations and the Bibliography.
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f) Official Publications If they have no named author, official publications are considered to be written by the office or organization producing them. Example 14: Department of the Australian Capital Territory, 1977. Submission to the House of Representatives Select Committee, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 23 pp. Example 15: Abetz, E. (Minister for Fisheries, Forestry and Conservation, 2007. Tiwi Islands forestry fosters sustainable jobs, media release, Parliament House, Canberra, 30 August. g) NEWSPAPERS AND OTHER EPHEMERAL SOURCES If there is no named author for an article, the title of the publication (underlined or in italics) and the date of publication must appear as the citation, with the addition of the title of the article in the References. Example 16: (Canberra Times, 14 February, 1995) in the text.
In the References, the entry should be:
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Example 17: Canberra Times, 1995. Action on export licences, Canberra Times 14 February, 1995. h) INTERNET SOURCES Items from the internet are cited in-text and in the References list according to the Harvard system. Individual sources: In-text: Example 18: (Barnett, 2001) In References list: Example 19: Barnett, T., 2001. Logging practices in Outer Mongolia, Mongoforest Network, Ulan Bator. Available from: http:/www.mongoforest.ac.ub.english/text (Accessed 21 June 2002). Reference to E-journals In-text: Example 20: (Korb, 1999:1/25) In References list: Example 21: Korb, K., 1999. Persons and paper: book review of Tannenbaum on the psychology of trees. Psycholoquoy [on-line], 6(15). Available from: gopher://wachau.ai.univie.ac.at:70/7000/archives/Psycoloquoy/95.V6/1062. (Accessed 17 May 1999). i) Unpublished conference papers, reports, theses etc In-text: Example 22: (Lama, 2004:35) In References list: Example 23: Lama, C.N., 2004. Forests, Yak and People: Changing Institutional Arrangements for Highland Resource Management in Solu-Khumbu, Nepal. PhD thesis, T he Australian National University, Canberra.
In-text: Example 24: (King, 2002) In References list: Example 25: King, D.Y., 2002. Political reforms, decentralization and democratic consolidation in Indonesia, Paper presented at conference "Can Decentralization Help Rebuild Indonesia?", Stone Mountain Park, Atlanta, May 1-3, 2002. International Studies Program, Georgia State University, Atlanta.
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GENERAL POINTS
Omit superfluous information about publishers, eg Little, Brown & Company (Inc) should appear as Little, Brown. Use abbreviations such as ANU sparingly in the References and only when you are sure your reader knows what you mean. If you are reading something `second hand' (i.e. what Gale says Blainey said) then indicate that you did not see the original, eg in text (Blainey, 1975, cited in Gale, 1982:45). Only include Gale in the List of References. If a publication is unpublished or forthcoming indicate this in the in-text citation and References, eg (Linge, forthcoming). You would place `forthcoming' where you would usually put the year of publication. Be consistent in your style and the details of punctuation, eg whether you use single or double quote marks. Never copy out references from other people's bibliographies or download references from a library search without amending them so that they are consistent with the rest of your references, and ideally, checking the original. Enter your references correctly and regularly on a computer file. Always take down all the details at the time of reading and be sure that the details are complete and exact. Acknowledge verbal information cited as "Informant (insert name), personal communication, date", eg (R.G. Brown, pers. comm., 12 August 1993). NOTE: Personal communications are not listed in the References. Information cited from a correspondent is acknowledged as "Correspondent (insert name), written communication, date." eg (Smith, email communication, 21 July 2002). This is not listed in the References. Information obtained through an interview or survey, as part of a systematic research method, should not be cited as Personal Communication. Such information or quotes should be cited as for example (Interview with XY, 21 July 2002). A list of interviews and interviewees should be included as an Appendix. Details on other technical points to do with referencing can be checked in:
Commonwealth of Australia, Department of Finance and Administration, 2002. Style Manual for Authors, Editors and Printers, 6th edition, revised by Snooks and Co., John Wiley and Sons, Australia.
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References
Example of a Reference list following the FSES Style Guide 2007 Note: some of these entries have been altered for consistency and to provide examples. Abetz, E. (Minister for Fisheries, Forestry and Conservation, 2007. Tiwi Islands forestry fosters sustainable jobs, media release, Parliament House, Canberra, 30 August. Adams, W.M. and Infield, M., 2003. Who is on the gorilla's payroll? Claims on tourist revenue from a Ugandan National Park, World Development, 31(1):177-190. Alvard, M.S., 2000. The potential for sustainable harvests by traditional Wana hunters in Morowali nature reserve, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, Human Organization, 59(4):428-440. Baird, I.G. and Dearden, P., 2003. Biodiversity conservation and resource tenure regimes: a case study from Northeast Cambodia, Environmental Management. Available from: http:...