A. C. Bowers, Mindful Conservatism. Rethinking the ideological and educational basis of an ecologically sustainable future. Lanham; New York; Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield, 2003. Pb ISBN 0-7425-3321-2, 14.95. ; hb ISBN 0742533204, 46.00. Reviewed by Rolf Jucker, Senior Lecturer, University of Wales Swansea How on earth can you call a book about sustainability 'Mindful Conservatism', you might ask. Please don't let your preconceptions and the current usage of the term 'conservatism' make you turn away from this important and timely book. C. A. Bowers opens up one of the most crucial debates that we should lead if we are serious about an ecologically sustainable future. We generally shy away from this discussion because of its potential pitfalls, misunderstandings and a tradition of abuse of the term 'conservatism'. The central question of the book is 'What do we need to conserve in order to have a more sustainable future and just world order?' This clearly calls for a complex answer and is also arguably the most important question to be asked if we want to turn our destructive, exploitative, overdeveloped and overconsuming global world order into something which can sustain itself within the limits of the ecosphere. In a very differentiated and perceptive manner, Bowers tries to wrestle the term 'to conserve' from a history of abuse and misrepresentation. His central question already makes clear that we need to assess whatever we and others do in the light of whether it contributes or further destroys our ability to achieve an ecologically sustainable future. This means that we have to overcome a number of deeply engrained cultural assumptions, at least 'we' in the West: Self-assigned liberals and progressives should start to recognise that the automatic assumption that change leads to progress is utterly wrong. Bowers shows very forcefully that our obsession with 'progress' and technological 'innovation' has led to planned obsolescence and a commodified lifestyle which destroys natural resources as much as cultural fabric, values and identity. Conserving traditions, on the other hand, is not necessarily any better. Bowers stresses that there is a clear 'need of distinguishing between oppressive and community-sustaining traditions'. Just because politicians and the media label somebody as 'conservative' doesn't mean that these people want to conserve anything other than their privileges and power. Bowers carefully exposes how so-called 'conservative' politicians (such as Buckley or Limbaugh), anti-environmental groups (such as the 'Wise Use Movement' in the US) or scientists (such as E. O. Wilson or Dawkins) are either classical liberals, subscribing to the values of the industrial model of production which in fact is the 'most powerful cultural transforming force' in history, destroying cultural and natural diversity the world over (for example in the name of globalisation); or merely reactionaries who try to preserve their vested interests and wealth against just redistribution and down-sizing of their overconsumption. Rather than falling for commonly used and misleading (political) labels, Bowers suggests we that adopt a much more sophisticated and penetrating approach: 'what is being conserved needs to be continually reassessed in terms of whether it contributes to community self-sufficiency and thus to a smaller ecological footprint'. By teasing out what in fact are the parameters of a sustainable future conserving, or where lost, renewing the viability of communities and families; revitalising intergenerational knowledge and responsibilities which contribute to community self-reliance and less commodified lives; enabling environmental, economic, social and intergenerational justice Bowers is able to highlight the need for a thorough rethink of the taken-for-granted convictions of both mainstream 'conservatives' and 'liberals'/'progressives'. We have to transgress the limitations of the current political discussions and get real, i.e. learn to differentiate between good and bad traditions as well as good and bad change and innovation. Bowers also
shows that similar things are true for the educational discourse: both educational 'conservatives' and 'progressive reformers' share the core convictions of industrialised capitalism, which makes their theories ill-suited for achieving sustainability. Nor is the educational reality different; on the contrary, a university degree currently certifies 'the modern industrial, consumer-oriented mind-set'. By looking at examples of 'morally coherent and ecologically responsible communities' around the world (Apache, Quechua, Inuit, Aborigines, Chiapas, Amish, etc.), Bowers is in a position to compile a catalogue of prerequisites for a move towards a sustainable future. In order to conserve the self-sustaining capacity of the Earth and the resilience of divers cultures, we in the West need to change: 1. from so-called autonomous individuals to human beings embedded and sustained through relationships and dependent on nature; 2...