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354 Agronomy Soils and Plant Growth PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS Mass or Weight of Soil: weight of soil. Soil mass is derived from: (a) minerals, (b) organic matter, (c) water, and (d) gases. Minerals and organic matter are often lumped together and called soil solids. The mass of an air-dried soil sample comes almost entirely from minerals. Volume of Soil: amount of space it takes up. Volume of soil is derived from its solid components (minerals and organic matter) and its pores. Both solids and pores are important. The solids determine soil strength and many chemical properties. The pores are where water, gases, roots, and other organisms reside. Volume total = Volumesolids + Volume pores Pores: the volume not filled by solids in soils. Important pore characteristics include: (a) total volume (i.e., % pore volume); (b) shape; (c) orientation; (d) continuity; and (e) tortuosity. Bulk Density: BD = (mass of soil sample)/(total volume of soil sample). BD ranges from 0.8 to 1.9 g/cm3. The ideal BD for plant growth is 1.35 g/cm3. The volume of a soil with a BD of 1.35 g/cm3 (84 lb/ft3) is generally about one-half pores and one-half solids. Higher BD indicates fewer pores and more solids. Consequently, high BD usually represents dense or compacted conditions. Low BD indicates high amounts of porosity and/or high amounts of organic matter. Surface Area: SA = the area of the surfaces on minerals and organic matter per unit weight or volume of soil. It is on the surfaces of soil solids that many of the important chemical reactions occur. Consequently, increased surface area results in more potential for chemical reactions and water adsorption. Texture: = % sand + % silt + % clay = 100%. Sand-sized particles have diameters between 2.0 and 0.05 mm. Silt-sized particles have diameters between 0.05 and 0.002 mm. Clay-sized primary particles are smaller than 0.002 mm. particles Sand-sized influence soil strength, drainage, and aeration. Silt-sized particles influence the soil s ability to maintain plantavailable water. Clay sized particles have low soil strength when wet and tend to inhibit drainage and aeration. However, clays are extremely chemically reactive. Textural Class: expressive names used to group like textures. These names are based upon the influence each of the particle sizes has on the soil. If sand, silt, and clay each influence a soil equally, the textural class is loam. If sand and clay predominate, the texture might be sandy loam. The most common textures in Iowa are silt loam, loam, silty clay loam, and clay loam. Soil Organic Matter: = OM = decomposing and decomposed plant and microbial biomass; more-or-less synonymous with humus. As the content of OM increases in soil the soil color becomes progressively more black. OM tends to have low strength, drain excess water freely, readily hold plantavailable water, and be very chemically reactive. OM is a source of plant nutrients and its decomposition increases soil acidity (decreases soil pH). Typical OM contents in Mollisol A horizons range form 3 to 8 percent. Typically soil parent materials contain no OM. Structure = soil aggregates: Soil structure is the architecture of soil. Common types of structure include granular, blocky, prismatic, and platy. Structure exists because of bond between clays and OM and trapping of the sand and silt particles. The difference between texture and structure is analogous to a brick wall. The bricks and mortar are texture but structure arises when mortar glues to itself and bricks. The type of structure controls the major pore characteristics of a soil. For example, a claytextured soil with strong granular structure will have excellent porosity and excellent drainage and aeration. Adapted from a document prepared by Dr. Lee Burras
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ptaflyer.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> AGRON >> 298 Fall, 2008
Description: The Plant Analysis Report For additional information, contact Agronomic Division The plant analysis report has three sections: laboratory results, interpretation and recommendations. Results include concentrations of 11+ essential plant nutrients ...
ptaflyer.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> AGRON >> 354 Fall, 2008
Description: The Plant Analysis Report For additional information, contact Agronomic Division The plant analysis report has three sections: laboratory results, interpretation and recommendations. Results include concentrations of 11+ essential plant nutrients ...
sq_tn_5.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> AGRON >> 298 Fall, 2008
Description: Soil Quality Technical Note Soil Quality Institute No. 5 Managing Soil Organic Matter The Key to Air and Water Quality Management Erosion control is not enough Soil conservation policy in the United States stems from the devastating erosion events...
sq_tn_5.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> AGRON >> 354 Fall, 2008
Description: Soil Quality Technical Note Soil Quality Institute No. 5 Managing Soil Organic Matter The Key to Air and Water Quality Management Erosion control is not enough Soil conservation policy in the United States stems from the devastating erosion events...
FSHN_342.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> AGRON >> 342 Fall, 2008
Description: Syllabus World Food Issues: Past and Present Fall 2008 Course: Agron. 342, FSHN 342, Tech. Soc.Ch. 342, Univ. Stud. 342, Env. S. 342 Time: August 25- December 12 Instructor: Clark Ford, 2567 Food Sci, 294-0343, cfford@iastate.edu Teaching Assistant:...
Evaluation_sheet.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> AGRON >> 406 Fall, 2008
Description: Name of evaluator _ Evaluation sheet for non-peer reviewed information sources Citation/URL: Who wrote the material? What are the writer\'s qualifications or expertise in the subject area? When was the material written? When was it last revised? Wha...
AuthorRefSheet.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> AGRON >> 406 Fall, 2008
Description: AGU Reference Style 1 AGU Reference Style Because the AGU reference list is considered to be a source tool for obtaining materials rather than an exact record of publication information, use current publisher information, if known. In addition, use...
ar4-wg1-spm.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> AGRON >> 406 Fall, 2008
Description: A report of Working Group I of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Summary for Policymakers Drafting Authors: Richard B. Alley, Terje Berntsen, Nathaniel L. Bindoff, Zhenlin Chen, Amnat Chidthaisong, Pierre Friedlingstein, Jonathan M. Gre...
writing-notations.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> AGRON >> 406 Fall, 2008
Description: Guide to notations on theses and reports I have developed a shorthand notation for comments and corrections that often apply to theses, reports, and other manuscripts. Many of these are adapted from the excellent \"Further notes on lucid writing, patt...
518_01152008_p.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> AGRON >> 518 Spring, 2008
Description: E E / Mteor / Agron 518 Microwave Remote Sensing Brian Hornbuckle What is remote sensing? What are microwaves? The electromagnetic spectrum. 1E 2T 3 6C ( 80 U \' S 22 I 37 @& !3 6 ( !2) D 24 E 33 9% 6 ( !2A 25 B 3 3 8 (H 6I P ...
518_01152008_p.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> AGRON >> 518x Fall, 2008
Description: E E / Mteor / Agron 518 Microwave Remote Sensing Brian Hornbuckle What is remote sensing? What are microwaves? The electromagnetic spectrum. 1E 2T 3 6C ( 80 U \' S 22 I 37 @& !3 6 ( !2) D 24 E 33 9% 6 ( !2A 25 B 3 3 8 (H 6I P ...
518_01152008_p.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> MTEOR >> 518 Spring, 2008
Description: E E / Mteor / Agron 518 Microwave Remote Sensing Brian Hornbuckle What is remote sensing? What are microwaves? The electromagnetic spectrum. 1E 2T 3 6C ( 80 U \' S 22 I 37 @& !3 6 ( !2) D 24 E 33 9% 6 ( !2A 25 B 3 3 8 (H 6I P ...
518_01152008_p.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> MTEOR >> 518x Fall, 2008
Description: E E / Mteor / Agron 518 Microwave Remote Sensing Brian Hornbuckle What is remote sensing? What are microwaves? The electromagnetic spectrum. 1E 2T 3 6C ( 80 U \' S 22 I 37 @& !3 6 ( !2) D 24 E 33 9% 6 ( !2A 25 B 3 3 8 (H 6I P ...
518_01152008_p.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> E E >> 518 Spring, 2008
Description: E E / Mteor / Agron 518 Microwave Remote Sensing Brian Hornbuckle What is remote sensing? What are microwaves? The electromagnetic spectrum. 1E 2T 3 6C ( 80 U \' S 22 I 37 @& !3 6 ( !2) D 24 E 33 9% 6 ( !2A 25 B 3 3 8 (H 6I P ...
518_01152008_p.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> E E >> 518x Fall, 2008
Description: E E / Mteor / Agron 518 Microwave Remote Sensing Brian Hornbuckle What is remote sensing? What are microwaves? The electromagnetic spectrum. 1E 2T 3 6C ( 80 U \' S 22 I 37 @& !3 6 ( !2) D 24 E 33 9% 6 ( !2A 25 B 3 3 8 (H 6I P ...
518ps9_2008.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> AGRON >> 518 Spring, 2008
Description: E E / Mteor / Agron 518 Spring 2008 Problem Set 9 Due Tuesday, April 22, 2008 Assigned April 11, 2008 Updated April 21, 2008 1. Use the matlab mle on the course website erwater.m to compute the relative permittivity (also called dielectric constant)...
518ps9_2008.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> AGRON >> 518x Fall, 2008
Description: E E / Mteor / Agron 518 Spring 2008 Problem Set 9 Due Tuesday, April 22, 2008 Assigned April 11, 2008 Updated April 21, 2008 1. Use the matlab mle on the course website erwater.m to compute the relative permittivity (also called dielectric constant)...
518ps9_2008.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> MTEOR >> 518 Spring, 2008
Description: E E / Mteor / Agron 518 Spring 2008 Problem Set 9 Due Tuesday, April 22, 2008 Assigned April 11, 2008 Updated April 21, 2008 1. Use the matlab mle on the course website erwater.m to compute the relative permittivity (also called dielectric constant)...
518ps9_2008.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> MTEOR >> 518x Fall, 2008
Description: E E / Mteor / Agron 518 Spring 2008 Problem Set 9 Due Tuesday, April 22, 2008 Assigned April 11, 2008 Updated April 21, 2008 1. Use the matlab mle on the course website erwater.m to compute the relative permittivity (also called dielectric constant)...
518ps9_2008.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> E E >> 518 Spring, 2008
Description: E E / Mteor / Agron 518 Spring 2008 Problem Set 9 Due Tuesday, April 22, 2008 Assigned April 11, 2008 Updated April 21, 2008 1. Use the matlab mle on the course website erwater.m to compute the relative permittivity (also called dielectric constant)...
518ps9_2008.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> E E >> 518x Fall, 2008
Description: E E / Mteor / Agron 518 Spring 2008 Problem Set 9 Due Tuesday, April 22, 2008 Assigned April 11, 2008 Updated April 21, 2008 1. Use the matlab mle on the course website erwater.m to compute the relative permittivity (also called dielectric constant)...
2006EO040003.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> AGRON >> 518 Spring, 2008
Description: Eos, Vol. 87, No. 4, 24 January 2006 over the past two decades, Science, 304, 12991301, doi:10.1126/science.1094070. Pall, E., PMontas-Rodriguez, PR. Goode, S. E. Koonin, . . M.Wild, and S. Casadio (2005),A multi-data comparison of shortwave climate ...
2006EO040003.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> AGRON >> 518x Fall, 2008
Description: Eos, Vol. 87, No. 4, 24 January 2006 over the past two decades, Science, 304, 12991301, doi:10.1126/science.1094070. Pall, E., PMontas-Rodriguez, PR. Goode, S. E. Koonin, . . M.Wild, and S. Casadio (2005),A multi-data comparison of shortwave climate ...
2006EO040003.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> MTEOR >> 518 Spring, 2008
Description: Eos, Vol. 87, No. 4, 24 January 2006 over the past two decades, Science, 304, 12991301, doi:10.1126/science.1094070. Pall, E., PMontas-Rodriguez, PR. Goode, S. E. Koonin, . . M.Wild, and S. Casadio (2005),A multi-data comparison of shortwave climate ...
2006EO040003.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> MTEOR >> 518x Fall, 2008
Description: Eos, Vol. 87, No. 4, 24 January 2006 over the past two decades, Science, 304, 12991301, doi:10.1126/science.1094070. Pall, E., PMontas-Rodriguez, PR. Goode, S. E. Koonin, . . M.Wild, and S. Casadio (2005),A multi-data comparison of shortwave climate ...
2006EO040003.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> E E >> 518 Spring, 2008
Description: Eos, Vol. 87, No. 4, 24 January 2006 over the past two decades, Science, 304, 12991301, doi:10.1126/science.1094070. Pall, E., PMontas-Rodriguez, PR. Goode, S. E. Koonin, . . M.Wild, and S. Casadio (2005),A multi-data comparison of shortwave climate ...
2006EO040003.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> E E >> 518x Fall, 2008
Description: Eos, Vol. 87, No. 4, 24 January 2006 over the past two decades, Science, 304, 12991301, doi:10.1126/science.1094070. Pall, E., PMontas-Rodriguez, PR. Goode, S. E. Koonin, . . M.Wild, and S. Casadio (2005),A multi-data comparison of shortwave climate ...
518_01292008_n.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> AGRON >> 518 Spring, 2008
Description: ...
518_01292008_n.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> AGRON >> 518x Fall, 2008
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518_01292008_n.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> MTEOR >> 518 Spring, 2008
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518_01292008_n.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> MTEOR >> 518x Fall, 2008
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518_01292008_n.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> E E >> 518 Spring, 2008
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518_01292008_n.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> E E >> 518x Fall, 2008
Description: ...
matlab_intro.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> AGRON >> 518 Spring, 2008
Description: d zR uR b ib b jR bb bb b nR d id d dB dd d b R R } } } } } } ~ } | { g XV E X f DQ y P D WQ P x w v g XV E X f DQ Y T WV g G F U F X W D QV D G D ` D Q lV G S t c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c ...
matlab_intro.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> AGRON >> 518x Fall, 2008
Description: d zR uR b ib b jR bb bb b nR d id d dB dd d b R R } } } } } } ~ } | { g XV E X f DQ y P D WQ P x w v g XV E X f DQ Y T WV g G F U F X W D QV D G D ` D Q lV G S t c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c ...
matlab_intro.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> MTEOR >> 518 Spring, 2008
Description: d zR uR b ib b jR bb bb b nR d id d dB dd d b R R } } } } } } ~ } | { g XV E X f DQ y P D WQ P x w v g XV E X f DQ Y T WV g G F U F X W D QV D G D ` D Q lV G S t c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c ...
matlab_intro.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> MTEOR >> 518x Fall, 2008
Description: d zR uR b ib b jR bb bb b nR d id d dB dd d b R R } } } } } } ~ } | { g XV E X f DQ y P D WQ P x w v g XV E X f DQ Y T WV g G F U F X W D QV D G D ` D Q lV G S t c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c ...
matlab_intro.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> E E >> 518 Spring, 2008
Description: d zR uR b ib b jR bb bb b nR d id d dB dd d b R R } } } } } } ~ } | { g XV E X f DQ y P D WQ P x w v g XV E X f DQ Y T WV g G F U F X W D QV D G D ` D Q lV G S t c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c ...
matlab_intro.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> E E >> 518x Fall, 2008
Description: d zR uR b ib b jR bb bb b nR d id d dB dd d b R R } } } } } } ~ } | { g XV E X f DQ y P D WQ P x w v g XV E X f DQ Y T WV g G F U F X W D QV D G D ` D Q lV G S t c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c ...
518ps3_2008.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> AGRON >> 518 Spring, 2008
Description: E E / Mteor / Agron 518 Spring 2008 Problem Set 3 Due Tuesday, February 5, 2008 Assigned January 29, 2008 1. Find , ko , k, o , , and up if: (a) f = 30 MHz and (b) f = 3 GHz and (c) f = 3 GHz and r r r = 9. = 9. = 25. + 2. Given E = x Ex , exp...
518ps3_2008.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> AGRON >> 518x Fall, 2008
Description: E E / Mteor / Agron 518 Spring 2008 Problem Set 3 Due Tuesday, February 5, 2008 Assigned January 29, 2008 1. Find , ko , k, o , , and up if: (a) f = 30 MHz and (b) f = 3 GHz and (c) f = 3 GHz and r r r = 9. = 9. = 25. + 2. Given E = x Ex , exp...
518ps3_2008.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> MTEOR >> 518 Spring, 2008
Description: E E / Mteor / Agron 518 Spring 2008 Problem Set 3 Due Tuesday, February 5, 2008 Assigned January 29, 2008 1. Find , ko , k, o , , and up if: (a) f = 30 MHz and (b) f = 3 GHz and (c) f = 3 GHz and r r r = 9. = 9. = 25. + 2. Given E = x Ex , exp...
518ps3_2008.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> MTEOR >> 518x Fall, 2008
Description: E E / Mteor / Agron 518 Spring 2008 Problem Set 3 Due Tuesday, February 5, 2008 Assigned January 29, 2008 1. Find , ko , k, o , , and up if: (a) f = 30 MHz and (b) f = 3 GHz and (c) f = 3 GHz and r r r = 9. = 9. = 25. + 2. Given E = x Ex , exp...
518ps3_2008.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> E E >> 518 Spring, 2008
Description: E E / Mteor / Agron 518 Spring 2008 Problem Set 3 Due Tuesday, February 5, 2008 Assigned January 29, 2008 1. Find , ko , k, o , , and up if: (a) f = 30 MHz and (b) f = 3 GHz and (c) f = 3 GHz and r r r = 9. = 9. = 25. + 2. Given E = x Ex , exp...
518ps3_2008.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> E E >> 518x Fall, 2008
Description: E E / Mteor / Agron 518 Spring 2008 Problem Set 3 Due Tuesday, February 5, 2008 Assigned January 29, 2008 1. Find , ko , k, o , , and up if: (a) f = 30 MHz and (b) f = 3 GHz and (c) f = 3 GHz and r r r = 9. = 9. = 25. + 2. Given E = x Ex , exp...
vegetation_brightness_temp.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> AGRON >> 518 Spring, 2008
Description: 300 Mw = 1 kg m2 290 280 270 brightness temperature, K 260 250 Hornbuckle 240 230 220 210 200 Mw = 2 kg m2 Mw = 4 kg m2 vpol Hornbuckle 0 10 20 30 incidence angle, 40 50 60 ...
vegetation_brightness_temp.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> AGRON >> 518x Fall, 2008
Description: 300 Mw = 1 kg m2 290 280 270 brightness temperature, K 260 250 Hornbuckle 240 230 220 210 200 Mw = 2 kg m2 Mw = 4 kg m2 vpol Hornbuckle 0 10 20 30 incidence angle, 40 50 60 ...
vegetation_brightness_temp.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> MTEOR >> 518 Spring, 2008
Description: 300 Mw = 1 kg m2 290 280 270 brightness temperature, K 260 250 Hornbuckle 240 230 220 210 200 Mw = 2 kg m2 Mw = 4 kg m2 vpol Hornbuckle 0 10 20 30 incidence angle, 40 50 60 ...
vegetation_brightness_temp.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> MTEOR >> 518x Fall, 2008
Description: 300 Mw = 1 kg m2 290 280 270 brightness temperature, K 260 250 Hornbuckle 240 230 220 210 200 Mw = 2 kg m2 Mw = 4 kg m2 vpol Hornbuckle 0 10 20 30 incidence angle, 40 50 60 ...
vegetation_brightness_temp.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> E E >> 518 Spring, 2008
Description: 300 Mw = 1 kg m2 290 280 270 brightness temperature, K 260 250 Hornbuckle 240 230 220 210 200 Mw = 2 kg m2 Mw = 4 kg m2 vpol Hornbuckle 0 10 20 30 incidence angle, 40 50 60 ...
vegetation_brightness_temp.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> E E >> 518x Fall, 2008
Description: 300 Mw = 1 kg m2 290 280 270 brightness temperature, K 260 250 Hornbuckle 240 230 220 210 200 Mw = 2 kg m2 Mw = 4 kg m2 vpol Hornbuckle 0 10 20 30 incidence angle, 40 50 60 ...
518_04222008_n.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> AGRON >> 518 Spring, 2008
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518_04222008_n.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> AGRON >> 518x Fall, 2008
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518_04222008_n.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> MTEOR >> 518 Spring, 2008
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518_04222008_n.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> MTEOR >> 518x Fall, 2008
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518_04222008_n.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> E E >> 518 Spring, 2008
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518_04222008_n.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> E E >> 518x Fall, 2008
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518_03272008_n.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> AGRON >> 518 Spring, 2008
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518_03272008_n.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> AGRON >> 518x Fall, 2008
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518_03272008_n.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> MTEOR >> 518 Spring, 2008
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518_03272008_n.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> MTEOR >> 518x Fall, 2008
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518_03272008_n.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> E E >> 518 Spring, 2008
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518_03272008_n.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> E E >> 518x Fall, 2008
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518_02142008_n.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> AGRON >> 518 Spring, 2008
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518_02142008_n.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> AGRON >> 518x Fall, 2008
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518_02142008_n.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> MTEOR >> 518 Spring, 2008
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518_02142008_n.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> MTEOR >> 518x Fall, 2008
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518_02142008_n.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> E E >> 518 Spring, 2008
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518_02142008_n.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> E E >> 518x Fall, 2008
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518_04102008_n.pdf
Path: Iowa State >> AGRON >> 518 Spring, 2008
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