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Waste Organic Handling "Systems" ALS 3133 Agriculture and Environmental Quality Reading: PP handout Production Collection Storage Transfer Treatment or Processing Utilization "Components" of Organic Waste Handling Systems Components 1. Production 2. Collection 3. Storage 3 4. Processing or Treatment 5. Transportation 6. Utilization or Disposal All components may or may not be present in a system Two components may be combined into one, i.e., one component may serve two functions Specified combination of components represents a p p p system by a given name Examples: Examples: 1. Liquid manure handling system 2. Composting system -- MSW, yard waste, manure, etc. manure, 3. Lagoon system 1. Production http://www.info.usda.gov/CED/ftp/CED/neh651-ch4.pdf a. Characteristics b. Quantities c. Possibilities for changing Water use Separation or segregation of waste streams 2. Collection -- examples a. Manual -- shovel or broom b. Flushing c. Grates or underfloor drains d. Vacuum e. Mechanical sweepers or brooms e f. Mechanical scrapers g. Sewer systems 3. Storage examples a. Lagoons several types biological treatment and storage b. Storage ponds -- designed on volume basis c. c Tanks various materials -- steel, concrete, fiberglas, fiberglas, etc. above ground or below ground e. Stacking f. Sanitary landfill for MSW 4. Processing or Treatment a. Lagoons b. Aeration Odor control, Decomposition, Nutrient removal c. Solids separation (1) Pretreatment (2) By-product development By- d. Chemical (1) Chlorination (2) Acid or alkali (3) P removal (nutrients) (nutrients) e. Drying or dehydration energy intensive & expensive 4. Processing or Treatment (cont'd) f. Anaerobic digestion (1) Methane production (2) Solids destruction and stabilization (3) Odor reduction g. Heat treatment rendering of mortality & processing wastes h. Composting i. Mechanical size reduction Shredding, Grinding, Chipping j. Compaction Woodex, Woodex, Fireplace logs, RDF - refuse derived fuel k. Incineration 5. Transportation or Transfer examples a. Conventional or "dry" truck or box spreader b. Tank truck or wagon c. Pump and pipe g d. Barge e. Pipeline f. Conveyors or augers g. Railroad 6. Utilization or Disposal examples a. Land application (1) Fertilizer (2) High rate (3) Soil Amendment (4) Compost (5) Peat substitute - Cowpeat b. Methane c. Worm production -- vermiculture d. Algae production 6. Utilization or Disposal (cont'd) e. Mushroom production e. Feed (1) Processing wastes (2) Livestock wastes (composted or ensiled) (3) Products from rendering p a ts oducts o e de g plants f. Energy (1) Combustion (2) Thermal gasification (3) Methane (4) Alcohols http://www.coskata.com/process.asp 100 gallons of ethanol per ton of dry carbonaceous input material Coskata has a patented process and proprietary microorganisms that will enable them to produce cellulosic ethanol for approximately US$1.00 (which would translate to retail fuel prices $0.50 to $1.00 less than current prices). Coors Doubling its Fuel Ethanol from Waste Production http://www.greencarcongress.com/2005/10/coors_doubling_.html Coors brewing operations result in approximately 87,000 tons per year of brewer's grains on a dry-matter basis from the brewing process plus nine other byproducts of the brewing process that contain fermentable starches or concentrations of ethanol. The goal of the biomass-to-ethanol processing is to convert those various feedstocks into higher value-added products and provide a test-bed to commercialize emerging enzymatic technologies. The biomass conversion plant will produce in excess of 4 million gallons per year of ethanol through conventional processes Production Collection Storage Transfer Treatment or Processing Utilization ALS 3133 Agriculture and Environmental Quality Overview 1. What are the regulations affecting animal waste management in Florida? 2. What are some of the new EPA regs that p p have been proposed? 3. Acronyms! 4. What are the major types of animal waste management systems in use today? Assignment: PowerPoint Handouts -- class web site CAFO Fact Sheet (Link) http://www.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/cafo_short_factsheet.pdf References: (not responsible for this) CAFO Final Rule http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/afo/cafofinalrule.cfm Florida regulations (Link) http://www.dep.state.fl.us/legal/Rules/wastewater/62-670.pdf CNMP Technical Guidance Document (Link) www.nrcs.usda.gov/programs/afo/ cnmp_guide_index.html NRCS Animal Waste Management http://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/awm/ Note: Some of these documents are quite long, so be cautious if downloading and printing! Regulations: Florida Industrial waste permit (old permit system) -- no "ag waste" permit in Florida Dairy Rule -- Okeechobee basin NPDES permit -- discharge permit (new permit system) -- under authority of USEPA -- authority d l th it delegated t FDEP t d to Administrative Agreements precursor to a "general permit" Other permits for livestock operations County (Alachua dairy rule?) Acronyms NPDES permits -- Required for all Large CAFOs that discharge (National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System) AFO - Animal Feeding Operations CAFO - Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations CNMP - Comprehensive Nutrient Management Plan - Required for federal assistance PNP - Permit Nutrient Plan - Required for NPDES permit TMDL -- Total Maximum Daily Loads Definitions AFO - Animal Feeding Operations agricultural operations where animals are kept and raised in confined situations. congregate animals, feed, manure and urine, dead animals, and production operations on a small land area. Feed is brought to the animals rather animals grazing. CAFO - AFO definition which has 1000 animal units or areas on your facility where animal manure or wastewater can discharge or travel by pipe or ditch to navigable waters or a waterway that moves through or next to your facility that comes in contact with animals or manure Large CAFO (40 CFR 122.23(b)(4)) Animal Type Dairy Cows Veal calves Beef Cattle Other Cattle (e.g., heifers) Chickens, liquid manure system Chickens, other than liquid manure systems Turkeys Ducks Horses Sheep or Lambs Animal Threshold 700 1000 1000 1000 30,000 125,000 (non-laying birds) 82,000 (laying birds) 55,000 30,000 (non-liquid manure systems) 5,000 (liquid manure systems) 500 10,000 Medium CAFO (40 CFR 122.23(b)(6)) Animal Type Dairy Cows Veal calves Beef Cattle Other Cattle (e g heifers) (e.g., Chickens, liquid manure system Chickens, other than liquid manure systems Turkeys Ducks Horses Sheep or Lambs Number of Animals 200-699 300-999 300-999 300-999 300 999 9,000 - 29,999 37,500 - 124,999 (non-laying birds) 25,000 - 81,999 (laying birds) 16,500 - 54,999 10,000 - 29,999 (non-liquid manure systems) 1,500 - 4,999 (liquid manure systems) 150 - 499 3,000 - 9,999 US 257,000 AFOs of which about 15,500 are CAFOs. These operations generate manure, litter, and process wastewater that can contain pollutants like nitrogen, phosphorus, metals, and bacteria. Not managed properly - could release pollutants into the environment through spills, overflows, or runoff. Focus on the CAFOs that pose the greatest risk to water quality. Regulating mainly Large CAFOs and some smaller CAFOs that pose a high risk to water quality EPA regulating ~ 60% of all manure generated by operations that confine animals. Process wastewater is water used directly or indirectly in the operation of an AFO for any or all of the following: Spillage or overflow from animal or poultry watering systems. Washing, cleaning, or flushing pens, barns, manure pits, or other facilities. Di t contact swimming, washing, or spray cooling Direct t t i i hi li of animals. Dust control. Process wastewater also includes any water that comes into contact with any raw materials, products, or byproducts including manure, litter, feed, milk, eggs, and bedding. Air Quality Permits? Optional reading http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/ch09/draft/ draftanimalfeed.pdf http://www.epa.gov/compliance/resources/ agreements/caa/cafo-agr-0501.html Elements of a CNMP 1. Manure and Wastewater Handling and Storage 2. Land Treatment Practices 3. 3 Nutrient Management 4. Record Keeping 5. Feed Management 6. Other Utilization Practices I. Composition and Production Rates -- see tables II. Terminology A. Manure -- Feces and urine B. Animal waste or livestock waste -Manure plus waste feed, soil, debris, etc. C. Muck III. Choice of Type of System (don't memorize) A. Species of animal B. Cultural or production practices C. Feed formulation or ration D. Climate E. Topography, soils and geology E Topography F. Water use G. Energy use H. Land availability I. Value of waste and economics IV. Site Selection Production Major Components of Waste Management Systems Collection Storage Transfer Treatment or Processing Utilization Major Types A. Conventional or "Dry" System 1. Mechanical scraping 2. Stacking 2 3. No processing or treatment 4. Truck or wagon box-type spreader 5. Land application (Components) Collection Storage Processing Transport Utilization B. Slurry System (greater than 4 or 5 % total solids) 1. Slatted floors 2. Under floor pits or separate tank 3. No processing or treatment 4. Tank wagon ("honey" wagon) 5. Land application C. Liquid Manure Handling System (less than 4 % TS) g 1. Flushing 2. Storage pond or tank (lined?) 3. No processing or treatment 4. Pump and pipe 5. Irrigation system for nutrient value D. Lagoon System 1. Flushing 2. Lagoon (earthen or lined) 3. Lagoon 4. Pump and pipe 5. Irrigation system or recycle for flush water E. Composting System 1. Mechanical scraping g 2. Stacking 3. Composting process 4. Truck 5. Sold as soil conditioner or fertilizer F. Methane Generation System 1. Scrapers g 2. Holding and mix tank 3. Anaerobic reactor 4. Tank wagon or truck 5. Land application G. Miscellaneous Algae production g Refeeding Drying or dehydration Worm production (vermiculture) Oxidation ditch

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