Good The Ship Lollipop: Governance Design for a Sailing State
Jan Zastrow POLS673 Project The Future of Political Systems Spring 2003
Table of Contents
Introduction ........................................................................................
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I. A Word About Values ......................................................................... 1 Lollipop Values ........................................................................... 2 II. Design Elements to Encourage Lollipop Behaviors .................................... 4 Tolerance Population Control Equal Access to Resources Architectural Elements III. Governance System .............................................................................8 Physical Parameters Political Structure Operations of the Community IV. How This Design Solves the "Five Complaints".........................................11 Problem 1: Too Bureaucratic Problem 2: Nationalistic Problem 3: Undemocratic Problem 4: Repressive Problem 5: Unfuturistic V. Limits and Concerns of a Sailing State ................................................ 15 Future Generations Class Homogeneity Security Issues Health Risks VI. Conclusion...................................................................................... 17 Sources ............................................................................................. 18
Diagrams Figure 1: Upper Deck Design .................................................................... 7 Figure 2: Lollipop Governance Structure ....................................................... 10 Figure 3: Freedom Ship Drawing ................................................................ 14
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The Good Ship Lollipop1: Governance Design for a Sailing State
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magine a world of adventure, beauty, luxury, peace, harmony and leisure. Sounds like a vacation, you say, or maybe a utopian dream! Idealistic, yes, but if we don't begin to imagine a future more desirable than the one our current global situation is leading us towarda preferred futurethen we will never begin to attain it. And so, dear reader, if
you will suspend your disbelief for the time it takes to read this paper, I will paint a picture of life aboard a cruise shipa floating citythat is sustainable, peaceable and (dare I say it in these dour and serious times) ... fun! Why a cruise ship-style sailing municipality? Cruise ship vacations are the fastest growing segment of leisure travel. Since 1970 the number of people taking a cruise has increased by more than 1,000 percent, and this growth pattern is expected to continue.2 People like cruising, and a
floating city has many advantages: a small, self-contained, self-sustaining community; occasion to visit ports all over the world, with the myriad opportunities for cultural exchange, education and trade that implies; the comforts of home; the leisure to enjoy hobbies, relationships, research pursuits, community participation; no taxes, traffic, crowds, pollution, etc. And in the event of a global environmental disaster, a free-floating vessel with independent systems such as water desalinators and onboard agriculture would be a model of sustainable survivability.
I. A Word About Values The first consideration when creating anything useful and meaningful to human beings is deciding on values. Any system of governance is based on the values held by the political designers, and hopefully shared by the people who live under their system. The Founding Fathers of the United States of America, for instance, seemingly valued political participation, and so proceeded to construct a system of representative government through elected representatives.3 But what specifically are values and how are they arrived at? Writing on values in the Hawaiian community, George Kanahele states, "The standards of worth and behavior which are
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Taken from song, "On the Good Ship Lollipop," music by Richard A. Whiting, lyrics by Sidney Clare. Ross A. Klein, Cruise Ship Blues: The Underside of the Cruise Industry (British Colombia: New Society, 2002), 2.
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prized by the members of a society are known as values. They determine and reflect what the members of a society are, essentially, both as individual human beings and as parts of an ethnic group. ... They shape, influence, guide and temper our feelings, ideas, expectations, goals, hopes, and dreams. They are a significant part, if not the essence, of our self-identity."4 Kanahele continues: "Values tell a person what kind of human being he or she wants to be, or what kind of world he or she wants to live in, or how he or she wishes to judge or evaluate himor herself and the world. We all set for ourselves some guidelines of behavior, and when we do so we are establishing values as standards."5 Lollipop Values I have identified certain key values on which to base the Lollipop lifestyle and governance system, values which would be agreed to and shared by those who invest ini.e., the citizensof the SS Good Ship Lollipop. A) Societal values: Type of society we want, our role in it, and how we interact with others. multiculturalism/diversity: I want to live in an ethnically diverse, multicultural society. tolerance/respect: I want people to be tolerant of, appreciate, and even relish the differences between one another and be respectful of others' opinions and choices. privacy/individuality: I want to live in a community that respects personal privacy and the dignity of the individual. community participation/responsibility: I want to live in a community that actively seeks the common good, and participates in the political governance process for the betterment of all its citizens. graciousness/pleasantness/politeness: I want to live in a world where people are gracious and pleasant with one another (as vs. harsh and gruff), acting in a gentle and caring manner. harmony/trust: I want people to live harmoniously, i.e., to trust one another and be trustworthy.
3 4
Jim Dator, "Governance Design vs. Will," class handout, Spring 2003, 2. George H.S. Kanahele, Ku Kanaka Stand Tall: A Search for Hawaiian Values (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press and Waiaha Foundation, 1986), 6. 5 Ibid, 12.
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helpful/friendly: I want people to help one another, talk to each other, and treat even strangers like friends. joyfulness/gratitude: I want people to love their lives and to rejoice in the blessings of their existence, their humanity, each other and the world. B) Work ethic: Standards and values accepted as the norm in the workplace. rationality/learning: I want to live in a world that values rational behavior and educates all its citizens to their maximum potential, whether in the arts, sciences, professions, technical skills, service industries, etc. flexibility/experimentation: I want experimentation to be the normal method of finding solutions, and flexibility and an openness to changewithout excessive harping and blameif a solution doesn't work out. playfulness/creativity: I want to live in a society that encourages playfulness, fun, creativity and "flow." "being" over "having": I want relationships with other living beings to be valued over activities that are focused solely on economic productivity or gathering material possessions for their own sake. leisure: I want ample time to think, explore, reflect, play, read, sleep, interact with others and the world. C) Environmental: Characteristics of the natural/physical world desirable to occupy: quietude: I want to live in a world that respects solitude, recognizes the stress and harm of noise pollution, and promotes quiet. beauty: Ditto beauty. cleanliness: A clean environment (air, water), clean public shared spaces, personal hygiene. healthfulness: I want to live in a society that values and promotes a salubrious lifestyle, with opportunities for exercise, social interaction, and nutritious, delicious food options.
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II. Design Elements to Encourage Lollipop Behaviors In an attempt to design a system that will encourage behavior inspired by the above values, we can use at least four methods as defined by Jim Dator: social norms; laws; markets (economic forces); or physical structural/design limitations and/or technologies.6 Tolerance One of the barriers to tolerance is lack of understanding due to limited experience. A common western solution is often to encourage young people to travel abroad through work or study opportunities, cultural exchange programs, or other arrangements. Residence on a traveling ship would help solve that barrier once and for all, as the vessel would travel around the world on an annual schedule and visit multiple ports of call. Stops would be from one to three weeks, allowing ample time for direct experience in many cultures. This marvelous real-life educational material would provide for K-12 classroom learning as well as adult lectures aboard the Lollipop; foreign languages could also be taught for use onshore. An added benefit would be that people from host countries all over the world could visit the ship and might eventually decide to live onboard as well, increasing the multicultural, international population onboard. Population Control One of the barriers to harmony, pleasantness and joyfulness is competition. Competitiveness results in part from lack of resources for the given number of people. Thus, one way to curb competition would be to restrict population, perhaps via a childbearing tax and/or licensing process (market solution) or technological barriers to fertility, either in vitro or at birth. Sustainability is the bottom line in a closed society of such limited resources. With this in mind, citizens of the Lollipop would agree to maintaining a strict limit on population, so no couple could produce more than two offspring, in effect replacing themselves in the next generation. If a member of the community dies without offspring, that slot could be bid on by lottery (won in a bingo game perhaps!) or offered to a new citizen to continually renew the population's gene pool.
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Jim Dator, "Governance Design vs. Will," POLS673 class handout, Spring 2003, 2.
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Equal Access to Resources To engender trust means to eliminate reasons for stealing, lying and underhanded dealings. By giving everyone access to the same opportunities, resources and material goods, it would remove much of the incentive for dishonest behavior. One method would be to keep a watchful eye on the possessions of one's neighbors; another would be to teach the "norm" of disapproving of conspicuous consumption and accumulation of material goods; a third way would be to tax ownership of property over a certain limit. A better way, which would also promote leisure and allow for community participation, would be for all citizens to work (a maximum of) 4 hours per day, in either a rotational or specialist position onboard the ship. The rotational jobs would be on a 6-month basis and would be more general type of work like kitchen assistant, housekeeping, ship maintenance, gardening, game coordinator, shop clerk, etc. The jobs would be assigned randomly for those desiring the rotational track, and could be traded during the first week of each rotation. The specialist track would be jobs requiring professional training such as doctors, dentists, accountants, librarians, scientists, teachers, technical staff, etc. These would be filled by application and could last as long as the specialist wanted to stay in that position. Credentialing and ongoing professional development could take place through online learning opportunities, and workshops and networking when in port. Work credits would be accumulated and could be used toward a monthly maintenance fee (just like a condominium) or as payment for shipboard purchases and services (bar expenses, massages, shopping, etc.). Architectural Elements The architectural design of interior and exterior space defines how it will be used. Once fundamental physical needs such as shelter (food and clothing), sunlight and air have been met, psychological and emotional needs such as the following should be addressed: 1) personal security, freedom and comfortfreedom from noise and other pollutions; from ugliness, disturbance and disorder; 2) community lifeopportunities for social and cultural interaction, religious observance [and meditation], political activity;
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3) recreation and leisureaccess to open spaces, countryside and seaside; the enjoyment of nature. 7
The design of interior and deck space will shape behaviors and activities taking place in those areas. In order to encourage interaction, participation and political discourse, the Lollipop will have a large indoor "central plaza" for meeting of all citizens as well as multiple smaller indoor conference rooms for clubs, classrooms and committee gatherings, as well as a theater, cinema, shops, medical facilities, etc. Those smaller public rooms not requiring openings to the exterior could be situated in the sub-surface structure, perhaps utilizing underwater windows to view underwater events.8 As in most vacation cruise ships, there will also public recreational spaces above surface, with windows that allow sunlight and outside views: a game room, library, art gallery, a spa and exercise area. The swimming pool, tennis courts, and other sports activities will be situated outside on deck (see Figure 1). Sea space "real estate" will also be utilized, not only for recreation--diving, snorkeling, water-skiing, etc.--but also for the admittance of vehicles carrying passengers and goods, and even for aquaculture farming of fish and shellfish.9 Meals will be taken all together in a choice of three large dining rooms, one formal with wait service, one cafeteria-style self-serve, and one more intimate bistro-style caf. In the formal dining room, assigned seating at specific tables will be rotational every other month in order to engender familiarityeven familialityamong all citizens. Such a high-density city as this will require a great deal of thought to providing variety in the living areas: Not modular and square, but varied in shape and size, "which could perhaps be further modified by voluntary, temporary additions of inflated surfaces which could turn a deck into a room or a roof into an open-air space and back again."10 All structures should encourage people to mingle, preferring smallness and variety over bigness and uniformity. This will accommodate the values of privacy, leisure and quietude. The sleeping areas will be private apartments on floors above public rooms, allowing up to 70 percent of the cabins to have private outdoor balconies (this follows a recent trend in vacation
R. Fraser Reekie, Design in the Built Environment (New York: Crane, Russak & Co., Inc., 1972), 56. Kiyonori Kikutake, "A Program for Drawing and Modeling the Floating City Stage II," in Floating City 2, compiled by Masanobu Kosugi, (Honolulu: University of Hawaii, 1971): 233. 9 Ibid, 235.
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cruise ship design as well11). Single apartments will provide a bedroom, sitting room and bath. Two-bedroom cabins will be available for families with children. Corridors will be designed to permit clusters of 3-5 people to comfortably gather informally and chat. Many nooks and intimate spaces for reading, reflection and conversation will be included in the floor plan.
Figure 1: Upper deck design reminiscent of terraced plateaus (such as those in Bali) to maximize use of solar energy for food production, water heating, and outdoor recreational areas: swimming pool, tennis courts, gardens, bike paths, walking, lounging, even outdoor meeting areas.
Crops & herb beds
Solar heating panels front and back
Swimming pool/tennis
(Top Level)
Gardens/ bike path
Outdoor meeting area(s)
Walking/lounging deck (circumference)
Ibid, 234. Roger Cartwright and Carolyn Baird, The Development and Growth of the Cruise Industry (Boston: ButterworthHeinemann: 1999), 179.
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III. Governance System Physical Parameters This political design is intended for medium-sized, self-selected communities of 20,000 people, scalable up to 50,000 maximum (as in the real-life Freedom Ship12see Figure 3). Initially the communities, although multicultural and international, all share similar value systems about peaceful living, education, leisure time and service, all investing in the system and therefore interested in participating in it. The physical structure is set on a sailing cruiser, although a space shuttle, space station, colony on Mars, or any other isolated, independent, technology-enabled population might share similar attributes and concerns. Political Structure The SS Lollipop is a politically independent entitya "state" in political termsbut with a loose affiliation to the other floating cities (such as commercial cruise fleets Carnival Group or Royal Caribbean International), and with membership in a United Alliance of Sailing States, which is similar to a United Nations body. Governance is by a board of 20 elected representatives comprising a parliament, one representative per 1,000 citizens. Leadership of the parliament would be shared by the captain--as technical/nautical chief and political figurehead for formal occasions, but also an employee hired by the parliament--and a mayor or city manager, elected from among the parliament, to handle the administrative needs of running the sailing city. This is based on the "weak mayor" system13 as most of the authority and decision-making power lies in the representative parliament and its various committees. The captain and mayor have limited or no veto power, and limited or no appointment and removal power. The "approval" voting system, which allows voters to cast a vote of confidence for as many candidates as they find acceptable, is employed to elect parliamentary representatives. There is no rating of candidates as in the current US voting system (i.e., you only get one vote); the votes are simply counted up for each candidate and the one with the most approval votes wins.14 Elected representatives can serve no more than three years; halfway through their terms in office, their
12 13
Websites: http://travel.howstuffworks.com/floating-city.htm and http://www.freedomship.com/ Margaret F. Reid, professor of "Urban Politics" (PLSC 3253 ),University of Arkansas; available from http://plsc.uark.edu/plsc3253/Classnotes/mayor.htm. 14 Steven J. Brams and Dudley R. Herschbach, "The Science of Elections," Science 292 (25 May 2001): 1449.
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successors are elected and work alongside them to train for their term as representative.15 This overlap training allows all adult citizens an opportunity to act as representative regardless of background or experience. The parliamentary body meets one afternoon a week. Anyone can sit inand contribute tothe deliberations, as in a public hearing. In addition, one morning a week the captain and mayor sit to hear the concerns of citizens as in the majlis system in traditional Saudi society. The majlis system, a Saudi tradition of free speech and access to democracy, is simply listening to grassroots public opinion. "Every important personage in and around the government, starting with the king and crown prince and going down a long line of ministers, governors, religious leaders and heads of important families, holds a regular and often daily majlis. The Arabic word does not translate easily into English for it is a combination of an open house, a discussion session and a forum for ventilating grievances or presenting petitions."16 In this way, all citizens of the SS Lollipop will have the opportunity to make their concerns known directly to the top authorities, effectively cutting through bureaucracy. Operations of the Community To organize the activities and interest of the citizens, and to increase participation in shipboard decision-making and operations, "Areas of Organization"17 or committees will be formed in such areas as Health, Recreation, Work & Human Resources, Education, External Relations, Agriculture/Food, Sanitation, Travel, etc. Each committee will fall under one parliamentary representative who will be a proponent for that area (see Figure 2). As in the Los Horcones community in Mexico, coordinators of each area may be self-selected, and there can be more than one coordinator per area.18
15
Comunidad Los Horcones, "Personalized Government: A Govermental [sic] System Based on Behavior Analysis," Behaviour Analysis and Social Action 7(?) (1989): 43. 16 Jonathan Aitken, "Why it would pay the West to cultivate Saudi public opinion," The Daily Telegraph, Oct. 1, 2001; accessed 25 April 2003 at World Press Online; Review available from http://www.worldpress.org/Mideast/316.cfm. 17 Comunidad Los Horcones, "Personalized Government: A Govermental [sic] System Based on Behavior Analysis," Behaviour Analysis and Social Action 7(?) (1989): 45.
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Figure 2: Lollipop Governance Structure
Mayor (elected from parliament)
Captain
(hired)
20 Parliamentary Representatives (1 per 1,000 citizens); each heading a committee
Comm. on Health
Comm. on Work/HR
Comm. Travel/ Ports
Comm. on Education
Comm. on Recreation
Comm. on Planning
Comm. Food/ Agricul.
Comm. External Relations
Comm. on Sanitation
Comm. Environment
Comm. on Security
18
Ibid.
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IV. How This Design Solves the "Five Complaints" According to professor Jim Dator, there are five complaints "levied against all existing governments: that they are bureaucratic, placing the convenience of the governors over the needs of the governed; that they too nationalistic, privileging the nation-state over both smaller and larger units; that they are undemocratic, thwarting participation of some, while favoring other groups and individuals; that they are repressive, using and causing both direct and structural violence; and that they are unfuturistic, basically discounting the future and concerning themselves with at best immediate and in many instances past, and almost always comparatively trivial problems."19 The political design of the Lollipop sailing state attempts to address these complaints as follows: Problem 1: Too Bureaucratic--placing the convenience of the governors over the needs of the governed; Solution 1: Use of automated systems for routinized official "housekeeping" activities and information processing onboard the ship: accounting/banking procedures, work schedules, committee announcements and parliamentary updates, permitting (applying for a parenting license, for instance), etc. This of course assumes at least a Local Area Network (LAN), computers in every apartment and meeting room, and preferably high-speed Internet connections with email and Web access. However, as some critical tasks cannot be easily automated, and every possible contingency cannot to anticipated with an online system, there will be live (human?) beings available onboard if a citizen wants or needs to talk about an administrative issue face-to-face. Leaders and elected representatives will be readily available to citizens, through weekly gatherings (representatives) and majlis sessions (leaders), doing away with the need for layers of bureaucracy onboard the Lollipop. If necessary for administration and coordination with the United Alliance of Sailing States confederation, the governance design should be limited to one policymaking body (a special committee), and one law-making layer (the parliament) at most; participation and communication with the UASS will be via the Internet.
19
Jim Dator, "The Future of Political Systems" (POLS673) class syllabus, v. 11/14/02 for Spring 2003, 1.
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Problem 2: Nationalistic--privileging the nation-state over both smaller and larger units Solution 2: Dissolve the state/federal structure. By having many independent states with their own rules/laws, and doing away with the threat of violent takeover and warfare (see Solution 4 below) a single overarching organizational entity, a "United Alliance of Sailing States" (similar to a United Nations body) would have mutually agreed upon power sufficient to mediate disputes, facilitate trade and communications, etc. Problem 3: Undemocratic--thwarting participation of some while favoring other groups or individuals Solution 3: Approval voting to elect representatives; rotational turn-taking in representational parliamentary body (no one serves more than three years); committees and parliamentary meetings open to all; direct access to leaders by all citizens in a majlis one morning a week. Problem 4: Repressive--causing both direct (i.e., war) and structural (i.e., slavery) violence Solution 4: Find alternatives to repression and war to decide political conflict. "War must cease to be an admissible social institution. We must learn to resolve our disputes by means other than military confrontation."20 One idea is to hold competitive sports matches between national teams to resolve differences. A suitably violent game like rugby could be chosen, or some altogether new sport could be invented and agreed upon so as to not privilege one state (or physical body type) over another. Alternatively, computer games "played" between warring factions could be displayed on wall-sized screens and watched in public places to simulate battle; if still violent in concept, at least it's virtual and not the actual killing of living beings. If battle is still preferred for that apparently uniquely satisfying act of killing, robots could be used in place of human beings, controlled from a nearby distance in a more sophisticated version of the remote-control cars and toy airplanes today. Yet another proposalbased on the assumption that the urge to violence is directly related to the male hormone testosteroneis to biologically limit testosterone production in males until "mating season," say, every 5 years; sex between partners can occur anytime but reproduction is possible only during the specified reproductive period. This would also help control population and allow ample time to prepare for parenting.
20
Bruce Kent, "The Abolition of War: Realistic Utopianism," (quoting Joseph Rotblat reading his Nobel lecture in Oslo, Dec. 10, 1955) in Ending War: The Force of Reason, edited by Maxwell Bruce and Tom Milne (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999), 121.
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On a personal note, I feel very strongly that violent solutions to political disagreements must not, cannot, continue in warfare. The loss of human life, the pain and suffering to both the "winners" and losers, the economic ramifications, the environmental consequences--these are but a few of the casualties of war. "We humans do not have the luxury any longer of indulging our prejudices and ethnocentrism. They are anachronisms of our ancient past."21 Simply put, our interconnected global network no longer allows us the luxury to indulge in physical, violent, deadly warfare. On Jan. 11, 1991, in opposition to the President's resolution which asked Congress to declare war against Iraq, Patsy Mink stated: "War is the final act of a nation that surrenders its future to violence by admitting that it has lost its intellectual capacity to solve its problems through peaceful means."22 Let the institution of war be another in the "dustbin of history" along with other repressive traditions such as chattel slavery, human sacrifice, dueling and Chinese foot-binding.23 Problem 5: Unfuturistic--favoring the concerns of the present (and past) over the future Solution 5: Make videotapes or other types of immersive multimedia recordings of decisionmaking processes so future generations can see who did what and why. Adopt the maxim of the Iroquois Confederacy that states, "In our every deliberation, we must consider the impact of our decisions on the next seven generations"; this could be accomplished by appointing a "futures advocate" as a member of the parliament with power to veto rulings and laws if not future friendly. In addition, one of the guiding principles of the Lollipop is sustainability: a sustainable environment in order to remain independent both politically and physically, in case ties to land are cut off due to war, environmental disaster, nuclear fallout, etc. For this reason, the very top deckwith the greatest exposure to sunlightis designed to grow food (see Figure 1). Incinerator toilets will burn sewage, resulting in no outflow, and the leftover ash can be used as fertilizer for crops and gardens. Emergency desalination equipment will purify seawater for drinking if necessary. Waste oil can be burned in an exhaust steam plant to generate electricity, instead of polluting the ocean. These features, in fact, are already being built into the real-life
21
Robert S. McNamara, "Reflections on War in the Twenty-First Century," in Ending War: The Force of Reason, edited by Maxwell Bruce and Tom Milne (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999), 85. 22 Patsy Mink. Congresswoman Mink of Hawaii speaking against the President's resolution to declare war against Iraq. 102nd Congress, 1st session. Cong. Rec., 11 Jan., vol. 127, no. 7.
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floating city Freedom Ship.24 Indeed, the visions of early futurists Aldous Huxley and R. Buckminster Fuller are now being lauded as having outlined "a real solution to the world energy/environmental crisis in the development of floating cities that produce renewable energy and food."25 Also, the planning committee of parliament will develop not only a short- (3-5 years) and mid-range plan (10-15 years), but will also develop a 100-year plan to anticipate the potential needsand ensure the greatest number of choicesfor future generations of citizens aboard the Lollipop.26
Figure 3: Drawing of the real-life "Freedom Ship" floating city currently under construction (taken from the "How Stuff Works" website at http://travel.howstuffworks.com/floating-city.htm). The Freedom Ship will be a city of 50,000, as versus 20,000 citizens on the SS Lollipop. Compare the size of a regular commercial cruise ship at left.
23
Anatol Rapoport, "From a Nuclear-Free to a War-Free World," in Ending War: The Force of Reason, edited by Maxwell Bruce and Tom Milne (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999), 112. 24 Kevin Bonsor, "How floating cities will work," HSW Media Networks, 2000; accessed 8 April 2003; available from http://travel.howstuffworks.com/floating-city.htm. 25 Christopher J. Fearnley, Section 5.6 "What Was Fuller's Floating City?" The R. Buckminster Fuller FAQ: Other Inventions; accessed 8 April 2003; available from http://www.cjfearnley.com/fuller-faq-5.html#ss5.6. 26 Barbara Marinacci and Ramesh Krishnamurthy, eds. Linus Pauling on Peace: A Scientist Speaks Out on Humanism and World Survival (Los Altos, Calif.: Rising Star Press, 1998), 233.
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V. Limits and Concerns of a Sailing State Future Generations Although the initial group of people will agree to the "disciplined society" approach and welcome its strictures in the interest of peace, creativity and prosperity, the ensuing generations may not continue to agree with those values and will certainly want to modify the original values and organizing principles. The political structure must be flexible enough to accommodate the changing needs of the citizens of the Lollipop; this is a major challenge to political designers who want their government to last longer than a generation (20 years) as it is almost impossible to anticipate the world in which future generations will live. Class Homogeneity Also, this design is based on the assumption that people can afford the luxury of living aboard a cruise ship "condo," so obviously it is somewhat limited to the upper and upper-middle class, the "leisure" class of the 21st century. The mostly educated, cosmopolitan, liberal values of these citizens would not necessarily be shared by others from different class backgrounds; they, for example, might want to spread the wealth around in a communistic fashion, or eliminate the value of learning, or of quietude and privacy, in favor of other values more favorable to their worldview and ambitions for what constitutes a good society. Security Issues Others posit that such a cruise city would be a "floating police state," with security guards watching every move, monitoring every email, approving every visitor after running a check on them, all in the name of safety and security.27 But these concerns will always be present in a "disciplined society," i.e., one that is organized around some set of overarching values, usually considered to be ancient, traditional, natural, ideologically correct, or God-given. The response is that these are voluntary constraints that citizen-residents would choose (and pay for) to live under. Future technologies may help alleviate these concerns anyway. Software that detects lies may resolve the dangerous visitor problem by having them answer a few questions and submit to a scan--not much different from what we're subjecte...