2024 Introduction
SPA Human Communication Dynamics
Articulation and Phonological Disorders 3: Disorders vs. Natural Variation
How are articulation and phonological disorders diagnosed?
By referencing norms based on studies of normallydeveloping children Dialect-specific: Standard American English Definition of a dialect:
A variety of language spoken by a particular community Dialects can vary by all levels of language (phonological, morphological, syntactic, vocabulary)
Introduction
Community is defined in terms of shared characteristics
Region Class Race/Ethnicity Religion Linguistic Any other social factor that divides speakers of a language into smaller communities
Introduction
Children actually acquire a specific dialect of a language, that of his/her environment Standard American English (SAE) may be acquired in addition to a childs specific dialect SAE = Averaged dialect
All distinctive variants have been dropped in favor of the most common corresponding forms
Introduction
Some dialects are stigmatized as incorrect; can be referred to as nonstandard dialects Dialect variation occurs in all languages and throughout recorded language use
A product of three prime factors:
Change over long time spans Physical and/or social isolation Contact with other linguistic communities
Types of Dialects
What kinds of dialect variation must the SLP be familiar with in assessing an individuals articulation patterns?
Regional Social Linguistic
Regional Dialects
Regional Variation in SAE
Regional Dialects
Major Regions
Inland North South West Midland North North Central
Regional Dialects
Major Regions
Inland North: Northern Cities Chain Shift
Regional Dialects
Inland North Chicago Examples
bed caught fast bunk Dan hot
Inland North Detroit Examples
ten Dad bucket hot caught
Regional Dialects
Major Regions
South: Southern pin/pen Shift merger Monophthongization of [a]
Regional Dialects
Social Dialects
Social Variation: African American Vernacular English (AAVE)
Possible Origin: Pidgin and later creole language Vowel system similar to Southern English
Monophthongization of diphthongs
Social Dialects
AAVE
SAE tam bl paw
AAVE consonants relative to SAE
/f/, /v/ for //, //, respectively, in word-final position and intervocalic
Ruth = breathe = nothing =
time
boil
/d/ for // in word-initial position
this = those =
power
/v/ for // in in word-final position and intervocalic
bathing =
Social Dialects
Consonant cluster reduction in AAVE Postvocalic r-deletion
SAE tests walked carport tsts wlkt cpot AAVE
Cross-language Influences
Linguistic Variation: Hispanic English
Vowel system influenced by mismatch between SAE and Spanish vowels
i e a
u o
i e a
u o
Hispanic English
Some common vowel substitutions
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
SAE vs. Spanish consonants
m pb fv n td k h m pb f n k h td s t l r j w w sz t d l j w w
Hispanic English
Consonant substitutions
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Hispanic English
Consonant patterns:
Vowel epenthesis to break up word-initial consonant clusters
stop in SAE = (Spanish phonotactics)
Consonant cluster reduction, word-final
rest = worked =
Cross-language Influences
Linguistic Variation, other common examples:
Native speakers of Mandarin, Cantonese, Japanese
Deletion of word-final consonants /s/ for // /d/ or /z/ for //
Predict the interference patterns
m pb fv n td k h m p p b t t d d n k k h sz t t d d l j w w sz t d l j w w
/l/ and // substitutions:
Cantonese: /l/ only Japanese: // only
Clinical Applications
Dialect must be considered by a clinician in order to accurately assess a child or adult for a disorder Example: Are these processes or dialect features?
them = [dm] with = [wf]