Guide-Ch. (14)Study 6-Chemistry of Seawater
Sections 6.1, 6.2
1) What are "conservative constituents" and "non-conservative constituents?"
-conservative constituents: the 12 ions that make up 99.99% of sea water; their properties do not change (what goes "out" comes "in") -non-conservative constituents-the other 0.01% in sea water; they change all the time; are important for sea life: nutrients.
2) How does river salinity compare to sea water salinity?
-river salinity: .12% (1/30th of ocean) -sea water salinity: 3.5%
3) Know the primary sources of salts.
-crust sources-weathering and erosion -interior sources-mantle gases-formation of Earth-volcanic eruptions-ridges, hotspots
4) Understand what is meant by the "salt balance."
-salt composition of the oceans has remained constant over the past 1.5 billion years, due to the "salt balance" -salt balance: the amount of salt removed from the oceans is equal to what is put back into the oceans
5) How are salts removed from the oceans to maintain the "salt balance?"
-sea spray, windblown into the atmosphere -formation of evaporates- salt deposits originating from evaporation in shallow, isolated sea basins -formation of insoluble precipitates by reactions among ions -biological -selective processes adsorption- adherence of certain ions to fine particles (ex: potassium adheres to clay, but sodium doesn't) -uplift processes at or near the ridge systems; the heated sea water results in convection and chemical reactions
6) Which salts have the greatest "residence times" in the oceans?
- (Na+) Sodium - (Cl-) Chloride
7) What is meant by the "principles of constant proportion?"
-principles of constant proportion: regardless of salinity variations, ratios among the major constituents (ions) in the open oceans remain the same
8) Know the percentage of the primary gases (N2, O2, CO2) in the atmosphere, as compared to that in surface seawater and in the total oceans.
-N2: 78% in dry atmosphere 48% surface seawater 11% total...