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What ISYS123
Artificial is Artificial Intelligence?
AI is the study of ideas which enable computers to do the things that make people seem intelligent (Winston). AI is the study of how to make computers do things which at the moment people are better at (Rich) AI is the study of the computations that make it possible to reason, perceive, and act (Winston).
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Behaviour thought to require intelligence
ability to solve problems memory intuition ability to learn from experience ability to use tools ability to recognise speech Developing computer systems that can:
See Hear Walk Talk Feel
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Successful AI Research
Works in limited, well-defined domains Intelligent agents: Daily Learner Autonomous vehicles Machine translation (parsing verbs, nouns and then translating words to other languages) Game playing like Chess Eliza (conversation as psychologist)
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How do you tell if a computer is intelligent?
Turing test (1950) A machine can be deemed intelligent when it can pass for a human being in a blind test. (computer, human) answer questions from human.depending on answers human must determine which answer came from a machineif fooled then computer deemed intelligent. No computer has passed test.
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Natural Language Processing
Speech recognition Language understanding Translation Language generation Text to speech synthesis
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NLP Problems
Syntax Semantics Syntactical ambiguity Semantic ambiguity Fluidity of language
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Application Scanning Law Reports
Scanning the pages Bit map to characters (OCR) Characters to words Words to sentences Correctness Information retrieval Askjeeves.com
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Example
Askjeeves.com it: Ask What is the highest point in Australia? One answer talks is about cricket!!
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Expert Systems
A software program designed to replicate the decision making process of a human expert. Examples
Bank loans Credit card applications Medicine - diagnosis systems Design - Xerox paper handling systems Farming - CSIRO
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What does an expert system have?
Knowledge base: a database of facts and the rules that determine and change the relationships amongst the facts. Human interface: allows user to interact with system Inference engine: puts user input together with knowledge base applies logical principles and produces requested expert advice. Limitations applicable to narrow specific domains, fields.
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Game playing
Chess (Deep Blue vs Kasparov)
Search: possible future moves Heuristics: a rule of thumb (guide towards judgments that experience tell us to be true) pattern recognition: patterns in moves machine learning: learn from experience
Robot Soccer, volleyball.
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