History 105 Notes Nation Among Nations: Thomas Bender 9/19/2007 8:45:00 PM Purpose: To present US history with a global perspective to create better citizens. Thesis: Global history commenced when American history began Argues: The economy of the Ming Dynasty affected American history The military strength of the Ottoman empire affected American history Global history commenced when American history began 19th Century- EXEPTIONALISM o Nationalism o Extension of European history o Frederick Jackson Turner- &quot;frontier&quot; theory made America exceptional o Political Liberty made America exceptional 1492- &quot;Contact&quot; (Columbus and other explorers) Space was redefined Ocean travel opened new global networks of trade and communication The discovery of oceans created a new world on every continent, consequences for each. Previous BeliefsEducated classes of European Renaissance ideals (Christian and Abrahamic religions) Earth was spherical, but did not include oceans Afro-Eurasian world (centered around Mediteranean sea) was an &quot;island world&quot; On the 3rd day god commanded the sea to pull back and expose earth for human use (Fra Mauro Map 1459) Beyond the ocean was an unknown &quot;anti-world&quot; including &quot;monstrous beings&quot; Mongol Empire ruled Afro-Eurasia during the 13th century Expansive trade was a LAND empire-limited by sea invasion of Japan in 1281 failed due to superior Japanese seamanship and strom Columbus Voyages opened prospect land-&gt; water= revolutionized Enlarged horizon of human ambition &quot;the world is an ocean and all its continents&quot; Mahan &quot;a wide common: believed in the consolidation of America's strategic &amp; commercial domination of the ocean US-engine of global historical change revolutionized human exhistance Perter Martyr and Amerigio Vespucci- &quot;new world&quot; Walsdeemuller map 1507 o Distinct entity (hemisphere) o &quot;America&quot; De Gama's Voyages Established Commerce and military sea power Calicut Seapower- invented by the Portuguese in Asia o Dominating form of state power The Renaissance Emerging nation states in western Europe were enriched and empowered Biological exchange Those natives who survived disease battled physical and cultural and political survival Labor search- resulted in Atlantic Slave trade-&gt;demographic crisis Languages learned Anthropology emerged The Island World- Ocean Revolutionized Transformed the relations of the Atlantic powers-&gt;Mediterranean From Christiandom-&gt;Islam Main Point: Trade and the desire to trade created impetus for the naviagation and contacts that led to an &quot;oceanic world&quot; in the 16 th century and later. Main Question: Idenify the points where trade lies behind the relationships for changing relationships that Bender describes in this chapter. The ocean world and the beginnings of American History Thesis: Ocean Navigation changed the world. &quot;negro&quot; disconnected the people from their origin-Africa History 105 American in the World: Carl Guarneri 9/19/2007 8:45:00 PM Guarneri emphasizes that neither Native American Indians nor Europeans were unified just before contact- America, Europe and Africa were all diverse and changing. We need both concepts (exceptionalism and America as an extension of Europe) in order to understand American history. &quot;Ecological Imperialism&quot;- included livestock, food crops and disease. American History in perspective: Main point: We can understand American History more fully if we understand it in relation to the rest of the world. Exceptionalsm- Nationalism (slightly mythical view of historical events) Triumphantalism- creates a narcissitic ego of the nations Originally, the US set European powers against each other in order to continue expansion and exploratio. But with expanded size and power came a more aggressive stance with global affairs. &quot;Globalized&quot; American history: includes governement relations, contact across national borders, international trade, technology exchange, cultural exchange, missionary work, migration, and tourism. Many events in US history mirror that of other colonial nations By comparing and contrasting with other nations history we get a sense of similarities and differences with other nations. Previously the US was primarily an IMPORTER of people, goods, and ideas, but is now a major EXPORTER. Native Americans Less populous , urban, and technologically advanced than southern tribes. Decentralized societies Helped europeana gain a foothold Killed of by European diseases Came over from Bering Strait from Asia Diverse cultures Smaller and less advanced than SAmerica because: o Lack of plan species, no tropical microclimates for bio diversity Suitable for hunting and gathering In the beginning North America was less important and desirable than South America because of lack of metals and crops Slave trade and plantation system developed as dominant ag. Production Tobacco cultivation developed Fur trade highly competitive but declined as colonies grew Originally English colonizers saw NAmerica as &quot;left over&quot; and &quot;second rate&quot; land First contact and exploration by Spanish and French failed- however, they opened expansion North of Mexico and previewed the future collsions between Europeans and natives Trade gold, legend, religion,disease, warfare, enslavement etc. Most slaves were from Mali, Banin, Sangay (Timbuctu)-W Africa Metal goods Cheap European goods-&gt;expensive African goods History 105 Notes Colonial Latin America: 9/19/2007 8:45:00 PM Main Point: The success and speed of the Spanish conquest depended on disease and precontact history between both places. Popular image: God, gold and glory Columbus- Portuguese WAfrica trade slaves in Madira- 1st place we see plantation slave farming- father in law owned slave plantation Landed in Bahamas- Aramaks and Tamos tribes High mortality for Indians Influenza and small pox Dramatic fast depopulation bad for Spaniards because they wanted the Indians for slaves-&gt;led to growth in African slave trade Aztecs Tenochtitlan- expanding Aztec empire important for response of Indians Aztecs forced taxes upon territories (goods, silver, and labor) Sophisticated organization Expansion bc they needed human sacrifice for hearts (sun sacrifice) Tlaxtala- Renowned for military strength in war with Aztecs Resentment in Mexico toward Aztecs Malitzin- mayan woman who spoke Aztec, mayan and Spanish-interpretor Became cortez's mistress (La Maliniche, Dona Marina) Cortez's most important weapons against Aztec guns, horses, and disease 3 factors of precontact history indigenous political and economic organization allowed Spaniards to insert themselves into the exhisting structure (tax system) of Aztecs Aztec military history meant Spanish could find allies upon arrival Reconquista- Spaniards had a background that prepared them to act quickly on what they found o These factors + disease are responsible for speed and thoroughness of Spanish conquest Chacon 1570 letter to his brother Indicated both his sense of superiority and responsibility to local Indians o &quot;Letters and Peoples of the Spanish Indies&quot;- show an established colonial world including non-elite Spaniards. History 105 Notes &quot;The Lost Colony&quot; Edmund Morgan 9/19/2007 8:45:00 PM Thesis: The most important loss was the loss of hope that the british would colonized peacefully with the natives. (Roanoke) Main Point: Protestant Northern Europeans colonization plans must be understood as a response (both positive and negative) to Spanish American colonization. English wanted Indians as laborers To reap the benefits (like Spaniards) o Food gold, silver etc. Wanted to colonize peacefully and treat the Indians well (unlike Spaniards) Thought the indians would see the benefit from-&gt; protection from Spanish and other tribes, and see the british as superior technologically and protestant technology. The Black Legend The myth created by protestant Europeans that the Spaniards were far more cruel than other Europeans- an inherent part Spanish character because the Spanish were catholic o Evidence: Spanish conquest in Americas o Spread by word of mouth (info about wealth of civilizations (Aztecs) and account of mortality rate of Indians) &quot;The <a href="/keyword/broken-spears/" >broken spears</a> &quot; the Spaniards demand for gold and supplies shows Spaniards using their reconquista experiences to conquer the Aztecs. The Caribbean and North America in the 17 th Century Main Point: In the 17th Century the Caribbean was much more important politically and economically than the North American mainland. Trade was important to shaping history Shaped colonies (politically and socially) Geographically Florida was established to protect shipping. Havana- where all Spanish silverships met- important to economy and politics 70-90% of all population in the Caribbean were slaves. Taxes gave revenue to the crown Clothing and shoes were the most valuable good in the Caribbean. Sugar+silver made the Caribbean important.