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Pustka Brandi 1 History 106 Notes Test 1 Effects of the Civil War North o o o o South o o o Morrill Tariff Morrill Land act National Banking Act Homestead Act and transcontinental Railroad Land values, crops and position of whites were bad Southern slavery Former slaves Citizenship and legal rights Landless Freedmen's bureau- march 1865- O. Howard Distribute food to slaves Negotiate new labor contracts between the owners and the slaves - - Slaves o Slaves cost more to buy than to produce o Slaves didn't know what they were going to do after the war because the South was wiped out Developing a reconstruction plan On what terms should the defeated confederacy be reunited with the union? Who should establish the terms Congress of the President What system of the labor should replace plantation slavery? What position would blacks take in the social and political life of the south and the nation? o Rehearsals US Army- start to take different places and the slaves fled Creation of West Virginia Military governors in Tennessee, Arkansas, and Louisiana LINCOLN Reconstruction: o Belief in southern unionism o 10% plan- once 10% of the voters pledge to the union they can be let back into the union o Implemented in Tennessee, Arkansas and Louisiana o Congressional Response: Wade-Davis Bill Makes citizens sign a paper that says they never took arm in the war. Lincoln's use of pocket veto 2nd Inaugural speech o Lincoln's assassination o Possible outcomes JOHNSON Reconstruction: o Andrew Johnson o Radical republicans At first liked Johnson plan - - Brandi Pustka 2 Johnson hated rich planters in the south but grew up in the south o Johnson's reconstructions plan Union indestructible Just let it be: they were apart of the union at once so they can be agian Amnesty and pardon Gives pardons to the rich so they cant vote.... Just like Lincoln State conventions o Southern Response New governments Black codes Limit the rights of the freed slaves Blacks can now have legal marriages Blacks can own property in most areas Blacks have to have a job or they could be taken by the state Congressional Response o Radical republicans: GO CRAZY Conquered provinces argument Forfeited rights theory You aren't states any more so you forfeited you rights so you cant just come back cold.... It is going to take a while Expulsion of southern delegates Kick delegates out of congress for a while o Johnson vs. Congress Veto freedmen's Bureau We don't need this anymore because we aren't in war anymore Civil rights Acts Johnson Veto's but congress overides Congress overrides o The Moderates o Fourteenth Amendment Citizenship, due process and equal protection Repudiation of confederate war debt People who lended money to the war would not get their money back Kills the southern economy Congressional Reconstruction 1866-1873 o Elections of 1866 o Extension of suffrage in DC and the territories o Congressional Reconstructions Military reconstruction Act 1867 Black suffrage and the 14th amendment Tennessee exempt because it ratified the 14th amendment 5 military districts - - Brandi Pustka 3 Command of the Army Act- makes him talk to the commander of the Army so they know everything will go right Tenure of the Office Act- president cant fire any members of the cabinet o Johnson breaks the laws by firing one of the cabinet while congress was out of session o Congress immediately impeaches Johnson Reconstruction of Ground o Freedmen Black suffrage Civil rights and economic status Education African-American community o Role of Union league and Freedmen's Bureau o Carpetbaggers and Scalawags o Southern White Opposition KKK- go out and kill scalawags and carpetbaggers o Evaluation Reconstruction governments The Administration of Ulysses S. Grant, 1869-1877 o The election of 1868 Grant is involved with people that are really corrupt (Friends, brother in law ect) th o 15 Amendment o Scandals o White Terror Enforcement Acts Penalties- anyone who obstructs the right for blacks to vote goes to jail Federal Supervision KKK Act- gives the president permission to suspend habius Corpus o Conservative Resurgence o Election of 1872 and Liberal Republicans Angry with Grant Want to stop wasting money The END of Reconstruction 1873-1876 o Economic panic and depression o Democratic control of the House in 1874 o Election 1876 Hayes(Republican) vs. Tilden(Democratic) Result: Tilden wins the popular vote 15 people were picked at random Hayes says he will remove troops from south and only stay one year Role of the electoral commission Wormley House Bargain o Jim Crow Law- segregation laws o Plessy vs. Ferguson 1896 Separate but equal - - - Brandi Pustka 4 1876 END OF RECONSTRUCTION 1/22/08 The West: o Views of western history Myths: America is perfect Counter myths: Indians are good people, Americans are bad guys Manifest destiny- America supposed to go west.... God is telling you that all this is your land so you might as well use it. o The west after the Civil War Frontiers of settlement- you have California and New Mexico so we need to fill in the middle Great American Desert- there wasn't any trees or anything... just dry..... Americans had to find different ways to live ex. Build houses, get water, provide food. o Locals Native Americans Hispanics Annie Oakley- went around on the wild west shows, had an incredible shot ; she was a sex symbol o Migration Gold Strike- find gold in California; first time of immigration Railroad Expansion- 200 million acres given to railroad by federal govt. Homestead Act of 1862- gives you 160 acres of land if you live on there for 5 years, or wait 6 months for $1.25. Native-born Americans- most of immigration to west is native born Americans Exodusters- 520 thousand blacks leave the south "Pap" Singleton- leader of the Exodusters. Went to North and bought a house/hotel, went back to south and brought groups to North to form their own towns, mainly in Kansas and Oklahoma. "buffalo soldiers"- black soldiers Foreign immigrants Asians- mainly single men Europeans- were very skilled, know how to farm and live on their own. Come in as families, middle class families o Mining Major mineral discoveries- California, Colorado, Nevada Mass Production- you need to dig deeper and have an actual business or something, an individual cant do it alone. Mining and the environment Hydraulic mining- canon that shoots and you catch the gold. Clogs up rivers and streams, Farmers need their water. Protests Anti-debris association- Brandi Pustka 5 Lack of legislation Govt wont do anything because they are getting paid by the mining field. Woodruff vs. North Bloomfield- settled that the miners cant destroy the rivers anymore. Mining Towns "Service" Industries- people who wouldn't work as miners but would serve the miners o Hardware stores, clothing stores, bars, prostitutes Development of new states' in the Union Start getting a lot of new states and new governments Cattle and the Culture of the West Cattle industry in the West (Abilene) Increased demand for beef Joseph McCoy and Cow towns- made towns around a railroad o Refrigerated train cars Joseph Glidden and barbed wire 1873 Myth of the Cowboy-individualist and independent Functions of violence Resolve disputes- large ranches vs. small ranches; ranchers and farmers; ranchers/farmers vs. miners; sheep herders vs. ranchers Protection Masculine honor Variety of violent conflicts The 2nd amendment and gun laws- you have to turn in your gun in before you move to the town. Displacement Ft Laramie Treaty, 1851- got all Indian tribes from the plains together and Indians decided to stop attacking white buggys. Govt gives them land in the Great Plains. Conflicts during the Civil War- govt tries to decrease the Indian land in the great plains Massacre at Sand Creek Indian Peace Commission, 1867 Policy of 2 large reservations- put all the Indians on 2 different reservations Agreements with the Indians in 1867-1868 Demise of the buffalo- kills the Indian population Intensive harvesting- buffalo die out Environmental causes of buffalo demise: o Drought o Competition- sheep, cows o Over hunting- Indians hunting too much Native Resistance Role of the Army- keep settlers and Indians apart from each other so there isn't any conflict Red River War The great Sioux war Sitting bull, crazy horse- leaders that finally leave the reservation to the Dakotas Massacre at little bighorn 1876 Modoc- harassing settlers coming to south so they put them on a reservation with their enemies Ute- don't want to give up land o o o Brandi Pustka 6 Chief Joseph and Nez Perce- wanted to make peace, didn't want to leave Idaho but 4 of his people killed 4 white people, he tried to flee to canada Geronimo and Apache- last major resistance of the indians Ghost Dance movement, Wovoka Has a dream and god tells him that he needs to have a new ceremony (Ghost dance) and it will bring the Indians back Wounded knee- federal troops try to stop the Ghost dance and it ends up in a massacre o o o Reform Reform in Indian Policy- we need to Americanize the indians Eastern view of Indiana slaughter Helen hunt Jackson- published book with the ideal that we needed to make the Indians better Dawes Severalty Act 1887 New policy- leaders of the indian family get so much land, and you can do whatever with it. You can't sell it for 25 years because Indians need to learn how to live like Americans. Provisions Impact- reduces tribal lands ex. If the Indians sell their land for money Burke Act 1906- if you leave the reservation and your tribe you can become an American citizen Citizenship- Indians can become citizens Farming Frontier Land policy after the Civil War Changes beyond the 100th meridian Technology- John Deer invents the plow; McCormic invents the reaver; windmill Wheat is the biggest crop at this time Efforts for reclamation of arid lands Newlands Reclamation Act- all the federal sales of land would go to irrigation projects Land distribution Bonanza Farms - people with money and huge farms. Employ migrant labor. Grown just wheat Small Farms- grow 6 or 7 different crops Daily life- tough...women have to work therefore their status goes up Crop prices and populism- decline in crop prices because other countries are growing wheat. Drought. Rise of reforms in small farmers The West and East 1890 Census and the end of the frontier- not a clear line of where the frontier ends Immigration- coming from east going west; African Americans fleeing to the west Economy- completely tied to the East Mining- all shipped to east Cattle- all shipped to east Farming- all shipped to east West is made to provide for the east!!!! Government- guiding this process Land policy- homestead act Brandi Pustka 7 Military protection- army is forcing the Indians onto smaller and smaller lands; keeping Indians separate from Americans The department of the interior- federal government owns huge amount of land in the western part of America. 1/24/08 o Industrialization Factors of industrialization Shift of manufacturing to factories- getting a group of people together to produce goods and monitor them instead of just one or 2 people working hard. It produces mass amounts of these goods. Shift from hand tools to machine tools Shift in energy sources Technology Process of consolidation- more large companies and not so many small companies Second industrial revolution Transportation and communication- telephone lines etc Electric power- electricity for factories Scientific research Rise of Big Business- cheap labor and materials Causes Technological innovation- companies that adopt new technologies before the competitors do better Labor and immigration- more workers Abundant resources- lots of resources in the west- lots of coal and oil Standardization- standard clothes and shoe size, box size etc.... Agricultural production- allows a larger industrial work force in the east Railroad network- links the country together, no more canals and roads Inexpensive power- lots of coal and oil so it is very cheap. Utilities are cheap Supportive government o High tariff- tariffs doubled after the democrats left after civil war o Grants- giving grants to railroads Railroads Functions of railroads- need coal, steel, power, workers The transcontinental plan Union pacific and central pacific Other transcontinental Pools- the 7 companies that get together make a deal that they all charge the same price aka price setting. Financing the railroads Federal aid- government giving money Credit-Mobilier fraud- people buy stocks in the railroad and don't pay up o o Brandi Pustka 8 Robber Barons: Jay Gould- crooked--- would buy crappy railroads and make them look like they are good then sell them for a lot and make money Cornelius Vanderbilt- buys railroads around the northeast and links them together. He tries to buy one of Gould `s railroad. Gould just prints more and more stock so Vanderbilt keeps buying and buying going more and more into dept. Impact Innovations and Manufacturing Company Structure Joint-stock company- limited liability- if company goes bankrupt, you just loose the price you paid for the stock, you don't have to pay anymore New products and inventions Refrigerated railway car- can ship beef. Chicago is meat packing city Flour milling- create a machine to crush wheat Steam ships- you can have a schedule and don't just go off of wind and water. Other improvements- barbwire, air brakes for railroad, vacuum cleaners, internal combustion engine, motion picture o Alexander Graham Bell and the Telephone o Edison's work with electricity IMPACT Organization John D. Rockefeller and the oil industry- starts a refinery by Pittsburg Concentration on refining and transportation- buys most of the other oil business out so his company is bigger. He pretty much takes over the oil industry. The trust The holding company-one central company that owns all the other countries. Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890- breaks up the oil into different companies Philanthropy- gave money to children and schools Andrew Carnegie and steel- grew up poor and worked in a factory and started to work his way up until he became involved in Steel Bessemer converter- invented a new furnace that was really good "Gospel of Wealth"- essay by Carnegie about survival of the fitness. People who succeed deserve to succeed. Philanthropy- built libraries all around the world. Vertical and Horizontal Integration Vertical Integration-own every part of the business Horizontal Integration- buyout competition Investment Banking and Retail J.P. Morgan and investment banking Control of organizations- he wants his people on the board of directors to control that organization Concentration on railroad financingFiscal matters vs. technical innovation- decided that instead of spending so much money on technology just do it the old way Consolidation of the steel industry o o o Brandi Pustka 9 Sears and Roebuck and retail- really big catalogue that has like EVERYthing gives you a deal of about 40% Montgomery Ward- came up with the catalogue.... Retail by mail Retail by mail Creation of national market Cartels and monopolies- fixed prices Industrial disparities Wealth and income Standard of living- going up to fancy. Electricity and running water were awesome! Rich and poor Social mobility- go from rich to poor very easily Increase in manufacturing wages- wages increase Working conditions Bureaucracy- the owner in charge doesn't even know who the workers are so they don't care about what happens to their workers Rights of property and rights of labor Industrial Workforce Workers- not common for these people to be working Women Children parents expect kids to work to bring in money Immigrants Violence and Disorganized Union Activity- workers would get their wages cut Molly Maguires- go out and shoot people Great Railroad strike of 1877- workers went on strike.... Went to tear things up and bully people "Sand Lot" incident- protesting that railroad workers were getting their wages cut. These people decide to beat up the Chinese people that were at the sandlot. No more Chinese immigration. Forces of Control- would always end up stopping the corruption. Unionism: Radical and Conservative National Labor Union- trying to get a law to pay overtime is a person works over 8 hours. Eight hour work day- federal government is going to only make their workers work an 8 hour day. That is the first step Anarchism- ideal that the Government is bad... need to get rid of government. Terrorism, assignation is what they think needs to be done so it scares people. Industrial Unions: the Knights of Labor- radical labor union that has the ideal that everyone is equal whether you are a janitor or a excuitive. Terrence Powderly- founder Haymarket Affair, 1886- the McCormic factory doesn't go to 8 hour days so the knights of labor start going haywire and kill some people. Craft Unionisms: The American federation of laborSamuel Gompers-founder: jewish and worked as a cigar maker; good speaker ; tough. Doesn't want to unionize everyone but wants to negotiate for his people in his union Immediate objectives o o o Brandi Pustka 10 o Closed shops o Union preference shops- want people who are skilled o Better conditions Growth Violence Homestead Strike, 1892 o Andrew Carnegie and HC Frick- go on strike and put fences up o Pinkertons- people that protest o State militia- break up the strike and Frick wins. Pullman Strike, 1894- outside of Chicago. Fires lots of worker and cuts wages. But still makes them pay the same for the rent of the building o Causes o American railway union- Eugene Debbs: no railroads are moving so the government is getting made because the mail and other stuff isn't getting to where it needs to go. o Role of the government- court case that says it is against the law because it is a rule of trade and they are blocking trade. o Impact on Eugene V. Debs- Debbs is arrested and goes to prison and then comes out as a social worker. Effect American Socialism Mother Jones and United Mine workers- moved to Memphis as soon as the civil war started and met a steel worker and had 5 kids. Her husband and 5 kids all died so she opens a dress shop that gets burned down by a fire. She then goes to the west and becomes an advocated for distribution of land and higher wages. Daniel DeLeon and Socialist Labor party- became a confirm socialist. Really active is establishing a social system in the US. Eugene Debs and Social Democratic Party Influence- want to create a socialist party Decline with world war I Industrial workers of the world Sources of strength- mineworkers join William d "big Bill" Haywood- DeLeon and Debs drop out because of violence Radical goals Decline Urbanization: Westward movement Vertical growth and Horizontal Growth- cities are gowing majorly City life- cable cars, elevators, radiators, etc. Urban politics Political machines- people who would do anything to get political votes Services- give things to people , but are corrupt people Graft Environmental effects o o Brandi Pustka 11 Sanitary reformers- when you have tons of horses that means tons of crap and urine Water pollution- they think if water is running that it will clean itself so they dump all this trash in it which makes fish and some people die. o Immigration Sources of immigration- more foreign people who can't speak English and can barely read; Catholics; Jewish Pull and push factors-economic opportunity pulls people to the US and political and religious persecution pushes people out. 1880's change in immigration Reception of immigrants Castle garden- immigrants would meet money changer and would cheat people out of their money Bureau of immigration and Ellis island- far better than castle garden and is fair; doesn't happen until the government gets involved Immigrant life Natives response American protective association- (catholics and jews) want to ban catholics to teach in school and other mean stuff against catholics and jews Efforts at immigration restriction Popular Culture Distinctive urban culture- some people see themselves as better than the other Vaudeville- come from French; it is a show that was the best entertainment at that time. Singing, circus, plays etc. Ethnic and working-class recreation- revolves around politics, religion, bosses Saloons- tons of saloons everywhere Services- where people go to make loans, not banks Male enclaves- usually males go their Immigrant enclaves Critics- people are spending at least 5% of their income at saloons Outdoor recreation- founding of parks and people riding bikes and other amusement. Women's leisure- movies on dates was scandalous Spectator sports- binds cities together by each city team. Professional baseball. Football and basketball. Education and the Professions Expansion of public schooling Vocational education- teaching everyday things like bookkeeping and money work Manual training in high school Morrill act and land- grant colleges- all the money made off of the selling of lands go towards a school in that state Higher Education Increase in college population Growth of elective system split up so people chose their own courses Opportunities for women- 1/3 of all college students were women Graduate education o o Brandi Pustka 12 o German model o Johns Hopkins University Explaining social change Darwinism and its impact Social Darwinism o Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner Lester Frank Ward and reform DarwinismPragmatism o William James- judge ideas on how useful it is to society o John Dewey- Instrumentalism Literacy naturalism Social criticism o Henry George and the single tax- wants people to lose land because of high tax o Thorstein Veblen and conspicuous consumption- immoral to buy things for more money The religious response: Social Gospel Abandonment of inner-city churches Development of the institutional church YMCA and Salvation Army Social Gospel Washington Gladden Walter Rauschenbusch- WWJD: What Would Jesus Do? Charles Sheldon, In His Steps: Catholic responses Syllabus of Errors- denounced socialism and said that socialism and unionism is wrong Rerum Novarum- labor has the right to unionism. National and State Politics Party system The republican and Democratic parties o Republican- North, Big Business, protestants High tariff, internal improvements(roads, canals) prohibition(lots of immigrants drank): less immigration o Democrats- immigrants, catholic, Jew, workers, southern protestants Higher inflation(more money in circulation makes it easier to pay off dept): more immigration Religious and social issues National stalemate Even division between partiesWeak presidents- just normal weak presidents Divided congresses- most of money goes to states State and local politics Active governments Judicial responses- o o o Brandi Pustka 13 Use of 14th Amendment-- Business start setting prices so...... Supreme Court decides that states can't impede inter-state congress. Aka: corporations can't have their property taken away by due-process. There has to be a court case. Corruption- you have to have ties if you want a job; if you want mail in a far away state, you will probably have to pay.... Any way to make a dollar. Administration of Rutherford B. Hayes Republican Party Stalwarts- people who tend to back Grant, like higher tariffs, REPUBLICANS. Led by Rossco Conlen Half-breeds- moderate republicans, said that there was a problem with corruption so maybe we should do something about it, and let's re-examine the tariffs. Led by James G Blain Civil service reform- half-breeds have a foot in the door at the white house so start civil service reform. Hayes political debtsSupporters of reform Hayes and merit appointments New York customs house Limited government activism Garfield-Arthur Administration Election of 1880 Garfield Clash with Conklin over appointments- Conklin resigns Assassination of Garfield by Charles Guiteau- Guiteau is a crappy man. He decides that he should get a job in the govt. He writes a paper and thinks he that was the one that won the elections for some guy so he should get to appoint people but he doesn't so he kills Garfield. Chester A Arthur- honest president Prosecution of Star Route Frauds- Star Route Frauds-a series of mail routes for people that paid for them. Veto of Rivers and Harbors bill- starts vetoing bills. Veto of Chinese Exclusion ActSupport of Pendleton Civil Service Act 1883- Pendleton: democrat from Ohio. Pendleton Civil Service Act: Lets president expand the jobs of people. Support for tariff reduction o Effects of treasury surplus- less money circulation so needed to reduce the tariff by about 5%. o Mongrel tariff of 1883 Administration of Grover Cleveland Election of 1884- not going to nominate Arthur James G Blaine and the Milligan Letter- letters come and state: o Blaine had been taking money from the railroad people Mugwumps- decides to vote for democrat because we want someone honest in office so the elected Cleveland o o o Brandi Pustka 14 Rum, Romanism and Rebellion- democrats are a party of drunks o Minister said this to Blaine and it got out and made it look like Blaine was anticatholic Cleveland- democrat Civil Service- firing people because they didn't like them Conservation- overturned that a lot of corruption was going on back then by government giving land to the railroad without consent. It makes a lot of westerners mad. Veterans' pensions- want pensions for people who have ANY kind of injury whether or not if they got the injury in the war or not. Cleveland said no. Effort to return Confederate battle flags- gave flags back and Railroad legislation, interstate commerce commission- going to regulate the railroad so that no one person will get a lower or higher rate and so that railroads don't start carpols by making all the prices the same Tariff reform Benjamin Harrison (republican) and the Election of 1888- republican nominate because they don't like Cleveland. Harrison wins but it was very close. Problems of Farmers and the Grange- farmers are like the basis of society because everyone depends on farming American Farmer in myth- "I feed you all" Worsening economic and social conditions Lower agricultural prices o Overproduction o Worldwide competition Railroads- small farmers face high railroad rates while big ones get a discount The tariff- hate the tariff because it helps out guys in the Northeast, not the south farmers. Tariffs are only on steel and machinery, not on agriculture. Farmers have to buy shovels and machines and pay big bucks for them but yet they only get very little for their products. Debt- if you have a bad year... your screwed The Grange (National Grange of the Patrons of husbandry)- farmers need to communicate with each other. Educate Farmers: Get together and tell each other what is the best. Share information. Upper Class farmers Granger laws- State laws that set limits to what you can charge. Ex what the railroads can charge farmers to store their wheat. What interest rate banks can charge. The courts: Munn Vs. Illinois- States can set regulations if it for a good purpose. Only last for a couple years. Rise of the Greenback party- supports printing more money! More money in circulation will inflate and the economy will grow faster and people will be able to pay off their debts. Farmers' Alliances- same idea at the Grange Membership- forming cooperatives and start selling their product together. Share tractors and stuff. Northwestern Alliance Southern Alliance o o Brandi Pustka 15 The colored Farmers Alliance Appeal of alliances- on one hand, it will be helping you out, but on the other, it takes effort to be involved. Go to dances and programs. Alliance programs Texas alliance- proposal of joint notes. If one person can get a loan, then get more people. You will get warehouses that issue credits. You will get a discount from railroad because they are going to be a big business. But it doesn't happen because the banks think it is too risky Political activity Sub treasury plan- backed by the govt. They want the government to build these warehouses and once the product is in the warehouse, the government gets 1% interest. Then you can leave your products in there until you can sell them at a higher price. Leaders: lots of leaders that are pushing for these warehouses. Populist Party Development of the Party- Populist party made up of: Farmers want to be protected from rail road tariffs Labor- people who want equal rites Reform--people who want to reform the government (want secret ballot and direct election of senate, want referendum) Omaha Platform-aimed at reforming American political system Finance- government build warehouse, rich pay more tax, mining more silver, more inflation, postal savings banks-(want every post office to have a bank) Transportation- government to own railroad, telegraph, telephone. Tired of paying high rates Labor- endorse an 8 hour workday and don't want any more immigration and don't want immigrants to own land. Reform- want direct election of senators, public to be able to vote on something, secret ballots. Presidential nominees-nominate their own presidential nominee. Win four states that normally would have voted republican. But: Victory of Cleveland in 1892- Cleveland still wins. The Economy and Currency The Currency and money supply Deflation- people stop turning in their silver to the mented Metallic currency- price whether if it is gold and silver. "Crime of 1873- Government decides to just get rid of silver altogether. Then they find lots of silver so it makes the silver go down Sherman silver purchase act- government decides to buy back some of the silver but they cant buy enough Depression of 1893- tons of banks close down and tons of people are unemployed. Wall street panic Coxey's Army- is mad so gets 400 people and marches to Washington. Republican victory in 1894 o o Brandi Pustka 16 Currency issue Repeal of Sherman silver purchase act- populist are happy because people want more silver. Demands for silver coinage Administration of Benjamin Harrison Grover Cleveland and the Election of 1888 Benjamin Harrison Appointments- appoints a union war veteran to be a federal pension Expansionism- Harrison has the record for 6 republican states to join the Union. Republican Control of Congress Dependent Pension Act- Cleveland vetoed. --if you fought in war and are injured on the job, you should get a pension and if you die, your family gets it.(Only Union war veterans, not many south states) McKinley Tariff 1890- highest tariff that starts to include agriculture products. (to get farmers to vote republican). Takes daily needs off of the tariff. Like sugar Republican Reform Passage of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act 1890- illegal to have conspiracies and monopolies without trade. Sherman Silver Purchase Act 1890- allows the government to purchase 4.5 million ounces of silver into gold every month. Democratic Resurgence Democratic congressional victories of 1890 Heavy spending of republicans-with the use of the pension act Prohibition- Catholics don't like prohibition Social issues Election of 1892 Benjamin Harrison and protection-protect American industry Grover Cleveland and tariff reduction- Tariff is way to high James B weaver and the Populist- less immigration, secret ballots, 8 hour work day. Grover Clevelands 2nd Term Tariff reduction Wilson-Gorman Tariff: not much of a reduction, not even a 5% reduction Panic of 1893- banks fail, no work, train went bad Repeal of Sherman Silver Purchase Act Pullman Strike- fire a bunch of people and cut wages Coxey's Army- march on Washington and demand that Cleveland give them jobs because if you are willing to work you should be able to Republican congressional gains in 1894- republicans take congress again and so does the populist Loses control of Democratic Party Election of 1896 Republicans and McKinley Gold standardThe tariff- make it higher so it opens more jobs o o o o Brandi Pustka 17 The democrats and William Jennings Bryan- talks to common voters Silver- make it into coins without limit. Will lead to greater inflation Tariff reduction Income tax-if you are rich you should pay a larger % to tax ReformJohn M Palmer- another democratic nominee that says that Bryan is Crazy. Role of Populists Bryan starts to kind of adopt their ideals Cross of Gold- making it impossible for the poor to get money Results- Republicans win over Democrat. Bryan needs some of the Northern votes. o McKinley's Administration: Mark Hanna and William McKinley- gave tons of money to McKinley Economic recovery Dingley Tariff- highest tariff! Gold Standard Act of 1890- only gold in the currency, no silver. Gold is inflated because they find more gold Global concerns Hawaii China Cuba- cuba is going crazy and Americans want to help o A New Era Triumph of Conservatism? Republican dominance 1860- 1912 Democrats Anti-trust Labor Laws Minimum wage South, ethnic voters, farmers and labor- start to vote for democrats Progressive Global Concern o Manifest Destiny 19th century expansion American advantages Geography- we are close together in territory, not separated by water Weak neighbors- Mexican army , Canada doesn't have very many people Divided Europe-doesn't want to get involved British navy- has control of Atlantic ocean Isolation- myth that America is in isolation because there was a span where we didn't do anything. Spanish American war- broke our isolation Republics and Empire Great Powers- US isn't considered as a great power country PYRAMID OF POWERS o 1. Great Powers- power projection - Brandi Pustka 18 o o o o 2. Regional Powers- dominant in region 3. Middle Powers- independent and foreign and Domestic policy, but need partners 4. Satellite States- Independent Domestic Policy, Dependent Foreign Policy 5. Dependencies Independent in name alone o o European Imperialism Western Imperialism The New Imperialism- not worried about running countries but more interested in getting resources 1st wave of European expansion- sending settlers abroad; populating the area 2nd wave of European expansion- focused on African control British French Africa & Asia Japan- goes to countries and asked who has the best army. They then bring them over to train their money Imperial clashes- when countries almost go to war over expansion New American Imperialism Extra-continental territories- ex. Hawaii, Alaska Debate over expansion- a lot of people don't like it because they think it is making people like the Europeans. Alfred Thayer Mahan- wrote a book "The influence of Sea Power among History". Ideal that you need to have a strong navy and you need basis in pacific and Caribbean, then you can be more democratic. US needs to get location in the sea countries Imperialist theories Economic and political reasons Social Darwinism and Anglo-Saxon superiorityChristian mission- go into territories and bring up people to be Christian Status symbol, feel good factor- "keeping up with the Jones" like the idea of America having an empire 2/7/08 American Expansion in the Pacific (1.) Pol-econ. (2.) Christian (3.) Social Darwinism 4. Status Seward and the purchase of Alaska Russia sells to US Midway Islands (1860's) Henry Cahot Lodge & Beveridge Samoa (1870's) in the middle of the south pacific. Only tried by American laws in Samoa. Britain and Germany agree to split the islands b/n themselves. They all [British, Germans, Americans] have naval bases. Hawaii Brandi Pustka 19 Reciprocal trade agreement Allow Hawaiians to share sugar in the US w/o tariffs. More Americans start to settle in Hawaii. McKinley tariff takes taxes off of sugar (everyone including Cuba can sell sugar in US). Economic crisis Hawaii b/c of McKinley tariff Revolution and U.S. intervention Hawaii wants to be a part of the US. Republic of Hawaii Japan Visit Hawaii. Annexation United States Power in the Western Hemisphere The Monroe Doctrine no more European powers. Guano Islands Act of 1856 guano is very valuable. Good fertilizer. If you find an island w/guano on it, you can take it (Americans). A trans-Isthmian Canal want the canal to go through Nicaragua. U.S. and Britain mutual consent to build a canal. Pan-American Union 1889 Blaine got together w/Dem. (OAS, today). Trying to start a western hemisphere community. Greater American involvement in South America. Venezuela United States as Mediator Latin American attitudes Spanish-American War 1898 Imperial Rivalries in the Far East Japan's modernization faster than the Chinese. Take a series of islands from different places. Expand in east and west. Scramble for spheres of influence in China Russia, France, Italy, Germany. The Open-Door Policy British initiatives Offer Americans free trade in China. Unilateral action Policies of the Open-Door Note Reactions of other nations The Boxer Rebellion Need to get rid of westerners in China. Chinese attacking any foreigners in China. Future Problems No one is able to enforce open-door in China. The Cuban War of Independence Nature of the Spanish Empire Don't want to give up their power. They are at #3 in power (refer to previous notes). American investments and tariffs trades more w/Cuba than Spain. Guerrilla warfare start attacking railroads in Cuba. Weyler's reconcentration policy put people in camps. The camps aren't well run, diseases, no good H 2O. Role of the press in the war Yellow journalism papers sold. Bad reporting. Hearst's Journal and Pulitzer's World want to sell more paper, so they write about a lot of violence in Cuba (war). Brandi Pustka 20 Cleveland's efforts for compromise Congress urges him to go in and get US involved. The public is mad at him b/c he doesn't do much. American Intervention McKinley's protest Spanish response Arousal of public opinion De L me Letter Ambassador who writes a letter to his Spanish friend in Cuba. He says that McKinley is only interested in public interest. The press started spreading it out. Sinking of the Maine Kills many Americans. One theory: ship hits a mine from the Spanish. War Preparations blockade Cuba. Declares war on Spain. Motives Teller Amendment not going to take any Cuban territory. Populist hysteria Fighting the "Splendid Little War" Naval victory at Manila Bay Theodore Roosevelt and George Dewey Emilio Aguinaldo Spanish got rid of him b/c he is a Filipino guerrilla leader. Cuban campaign Siege of Santiago land troops here San Juan Hill and Kettle Hill American forces have to take these hills. Rough Riders Disease most of deaths in the Spanish-American war are due to disease. Puerto Rico Terms of the armistice The Peace Treaty of Paris Negotiations Motives for annexation Terms of the treaty Other territorial acquisitions Debate over treaty Anti-imperialist arguments the Philippines is bad business b/c it makes the Monroe Doctrine look bad. At the US is a republic, not an empire. Bryan's support he thinks the US in the Filipinos will be a great election issue Ratification Anti-Imperialist League Mark Twain, Eugene Debbs Results of the War Organizing acquisitions Brandi Pustka 21 Philippine Insurrection drowning to the Filipinos to get info out of them. Abusive. Philippines under Taft connects w/the Filipinos. He starts to build hospitals, roads, sewers, schools. Civil government in Puerto Rico Upper house in the government elected by the present, and the lower, Puerto Rico. Puerto starts to get a more democratic government. They don't want to have tariffs. Insular Cases Judiciary rules that the constitution doesn't apply to Puerto Rico unless congress says so. Cuba Leonard Wood as governor Dr. Walter Reed and Yellow fever 1st person to discover that yellow fever is spreaded by mosquitoes. Cuban constitution under the American's watching. It resembles the U.S.'s. Platt Amendment Cuba can't make any treaties w/third-party countries w/o U.S. consent. Us has right to intervene in Cuba Cuba has to lease or sell a base to the U.S. (i.e. Guantanamo) Insurrection of 1906 Troops were sent in & out of Cuba. Lesson Learned An American Empire Counterinsurgency Pacification how to get the local populists to like you. Race and the United States A lot of people fighting in the war are Blacks, unlike in Cuba (more multiracial units). Blacks go through south & brings conflict. Problems with supplies I.e. food, diseases, supplies. Root Reforms Larger army 25,000 to 100,000 National Guard standardized state guard (i.e. same uniforms). Officer training schools staff that does war planning. American Empire? American Empire as continuity American Empire as nonexistent Republic American Empire as exceptional American Empire as benevolent or an Empire by invitation for the good of the people. 2/12/08 o Progressivism- against big businesses; but want the government to be more efficient General features Aimed against the abuses of gilded Age bosses- (bosses were getting votes by paying people) More businesslike and efficient than populism- want the government to tell them the truth about what is going on in the Government Paradox of regulation of business by business leadersNot an organized group or party Positive view of history and development- think things are getting better Brandi Pustka 22 Expansion of government for human welfare- consumers, labor, individual owner, etc. -want individual to be stronger. Constituency(People tend to be: Professionals Goo goos- good government types- people who want honest govt Religious groups- Northern protestant, Baptist etc. Conservative element Government Reforms: Democratizing government Direct primaries- make the parties more responsible for the individual voters Initiative, referendum and recall- want voters to get to decide Direct elections of senators, 17th amendment- want individual to be able to vote directly for senators Women's Suffrage, 19th amendment- want women to vote Efficiency and good government Frederick W. Taylor and scientific managementShorter ballots Commissions and city-managers- that will control the city. When something happens there is a person who is at fault Muckrackers- journalist---- uncover problems and bring them to the public Problem of concentrated economic power- more government regulation, socialism, trust busting and lassie faire Problem of regulation the regulators Social Justice Labor reform Child labor- get rid of Night work and dangerous occupations- many women can't work at night because on the way home they get attacked Workmen's compensation- injured on the job the company has to pay Building codes and factory inspections Erratic Supreme Court- viewpoint is that we can't tell people how long or how short they can work. If they want to work for longer then let them be Lochner v New York- set a 10 hour law and Supreme court said "what if they want to bring in more money and work longer" so they get rid of it Muller v. Oregon- same thing only with women. Supreme court actually say that women can't work over 10 hour day Prohibition- 18th amendment Conservative- protect the environment Dark Side of Progressivism Elites and Middle Class- these people are progressivisms Racism- believe in Social Darwinism and don't want immigrants Anti-immigration Foreign policy implications Efficiency, organizations o o o Brandi Pustka 23 Prohibition and civil liberties- want the government to tell people what they can and can't do ExpensesRise of interest groups each group has their own interest and opinion Eugenics- improve the human race by getting rid of negative traits. (deaf, retarded) As antidemocratic- they talk like they are democratic but the democratic vote falls over the next few years. Roosevelt's Progressivism- the best president since Washington Activism and the art of the possible- came into office and went after the big business men Roosevelt's Square Deal Northern Securities case 1904- government prosecuted a railroad company for a monopoly Coal strike of 1902 Arbitration- want 9 hour work day, higher wages, etc. o Roosevelt invites coal workers and owners to white house to negotiate with each other. o Miners get a 9 hour day, and higher wages but don't get everything Further regulation of business Elkins Act- bars railroads and shipping companies from giving people better deals Bureau of CorporationsAnti-trust suits o Standard Oil- don't go along with the Bureau Corporations o American Tobacco- don't go along with the Bureau Corporations Roosevelt's Diplomacy The panama Canal Negotiations with the British and French- had an agreement that neither country can build a canal without the others consent. The British says that we can build one Colombia and the Panamanian Revolution-Colombia controls the Panamania canal and US doesn't want control to be under Columbia's so US offers to Colombia some money and they say yes. But some stuff goes wrong and stuff...... but Roosevelt ends up taking the canal and pays them money The Roosevelt Corollary- if a latin American country is having trouble and the European people notice it. The US will go in and help out the Latinos Russo-Japanesse War- fighting over a link in China United States relations with Japan- Roosevelt resolves the war between Russia and Japan Respect for possessionsFrears of the "yellow peril"- Jap's are taking over Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907- Roosevelt agrees to get in contact with the school board and gets Japanese kids to go to school in San Francisco and Japan agrees to limit immigration. Other diplomatic effect Algeciras Conference The "great White Fleet"- send navy around the world and establishes the US as the 2 nd greatest navy following the British nd Roosevelt's 2 Term o o o Brandi Pustka 24 Election of 1904 Reforms in Second Term Hepburn Act- allows railroads to set rates Regulation of Food and drugs o Upton Sinclair's "The Jungle"- Roosevelt becomes friends and passes laws: Meat Inspection Act Pure Food and Drug Act- illegal to ship or sale illegal and harmful products Conservation Gifford Pinchot(environmentalist) and Scientific Management- use nature for the better of humanity. Not lets stay out of landscape and not use it at all but preserve it. Newlands Reclamation Act- you could bring water from other states John Muir and the Hetch Hechy Controversy- Valley that is protected. And Pinchot says we need to establish a water reservation there for San Francisco. John Muir was up raged. Utilitarian's vs. Preservationist o Utilitarian's- people like Pinchot o Preservationist- Muir William Howard Taft's administration The 1908 election Roosevelt's successor Progressives and conservatives Democrats nominated William Jennings Bryan and he looses again Tariff reform- lower the tariffs Preference for lower rates The senate- changes the tariff reform and it ends up raising prices Reactions to compromise- Taft seems like he is on everyones side and people don't like him any more Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy Ballinger's Actions Roles of Pinchot and Glavis Impact of the affair Taft vs. Roosevelt Elections of 1910 Rebellion against Speaker Cannon The Return of Roosevelt's The new nationalism- Roosevelt comes from a trip after 2 years and isn't happy with what Taft has been doing so he started telling people that Taft was bad Clash over the US steel suit- taft starts a trust busting suit and Roosevelt didn't like it Taft's achievement In conservation- moved land into reservation Mann-Elkins Act- brought telegraph and telephone lines under ??? Other laws- went after the tarrif and lots more o o Brandi Pustka 25 Constitutional amendments 16th ( federal income tax)and 17th (direct elections of senators) The election of 1912 The republican nominations of 1912 Creation of the Progressive party On the Test: Westward movement; industrialization; reconstruction; imperialism; Guilded Age, Reconstruction- politics ;The settlement of the west;Industrialization and capital and big business and labor;Urbanization;Gilded Age Politics- tariff and money;Populism;Progressivism- just did it.;Imperialism- Spanish American war

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