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For Review Exam 1 (September 16, 2008) BUS3500 Abdou Illia, Fall 2008 1 Introduction to Information Systems 2 Summary Questions Notes 1) Distinguish between Data and Information 2) List/Explain main components of an information system 3) What is the difference between Transaction Processing Systems (TPS) and Decision Support Systems (DSS) in terms of their targeted users? 1) What is the difference between Decision Support Systems (DSS) and Executive Information Systems (EIS) in terms of their target users. What is the difference between Chief Information Officer and Chief Security Officer? What is a Chief Knowledge Officer responsible for? (a) What are the major components in a DSS? (b) What is the function of each? 1) 1) 1) 1) What is an Expert System? What are the main components of an Expert system? What is a knowledge engineer? 3 Data versus Information Data raw facts that represent the characteristics of an event Example 1: Example 2: Event: High temperature Data: 100 F Event: Sale Data: Sale's date, item number, item description, etc. Information facts within a given context The temperature today at noon in Times Square, NYC was 100 F Monday's total sales for item #0001 is $1200.00 I P O 4 Information Systems A set of interrelated information technologies that work together to collect, store, process, and distribute information Major components of information systems Information technology (IT): Computerbased tool that people use to work with information and support the information and informationprocessing needs of an organization Information Technologies 5 Hardware (physical parts of a computer or other computing devices) Software (Instructions that tell hardware what to do) Databases (Software that enables storage/retrieval of data) Networks (Computing devices that communicate with each other) People ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES IN IT Information Technology is a relatively new functional area, having only been around formally for around 40 years Recent IT strategic positions include: Chief Information Officer (CIO) Chief Technology Officer (CTO) Chief Security Officer (CSO) Chief Privacy Officer (CPO) Chief Knowledge Officer (CKO) 6 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES IN IT Chief Information Officer (CIO) Chief Security Officer (CSO) Oversees all uses of IT Ensures the strategic alignment of IT with business goals and objectives Responsible for ensuring the security of IT systems Responsible for developing security policies and strategies Responsible for controlling implementation of security policies and strategies Responsible for collecting, maintaining, and distributing the organization's knowledge Responsible for supervising the implementation of knowledge systems Chief Knowledge Officer (CKO) 7 Administrative Information Systems Transaction Processing Systems (TPS) Basic business system that serves the operational level (analysts) in an organization Systems designed to help office workers in doing their job. Systems designed to support middle managers and business professionals during the decisionmaking process Specialized DSS that help senior level executives make decisions. Office Automation Systems (OAS) Decision Support Systems (DSS) Executive Information Systems (EIS) 8 DSS structure Designed to help middle managers make decisions Major components User Interface Model Management Data management subsystem Model management subsystem Internal and external data sources Typically mathematical in nature How the people interact with the DSS Data visualization is the key Text Graphs Charts Sensitivity Analysis > Whatif Analysis > Goalseeking Analysis User interface Data Management Transactional Data Data warehouse Business partners data Economic data 9 DSS' Model Management Tools Simulation is used to examine proposed solutions and their impact Sensitivity analysis Whatif analysis Determine how changes in one part of the model influence other parts of the model Manipulate variables to see what would happen in given scenarios Work backward from desired outcome Goalseeking analysis Determine monthly payment given various interest rates. Works backward from a given monthly payment to determine various loans that would give that payment. 10 Expert Systems Components Knowledge base: database of the expertise, often in IF THEN rules. Inference engine: derives recommendations from knowledge base and problemspecific data User interface: controls the dialog between the user and the system Explanation system: Explain the how and why of recommendations User Domain Expert Expertise User Interface Inference Engine Explanation System System Engineer IF family is albatross AND color is white THEN bird is laysan albatross. Example of rules Knowledge Engineer Encoded expertise Knowledge base IF family is albatross AND color is dark THEN bird is black footed albatross Knowledge engineer codify the human expert's expertise into the systems' knowledge base. System engineer is the IT professional who develop the user interface, the inference engine, and the explanation system. 11 Hardware Technology 12 Summary Questions Notes Name 1) five (3) computer input devices 2) Name three (3) computer output devices 3) What computer devices can be used for both input and output? 1) 1) What is the difference between: (a) a Kilobyte and a Gigabyte? (b) a Megabyte and a Gigabyte? Name the two main types of monitors used in today's computer systems. (a) Name main components of the Processing subsystem. (b) What is the function of the ALU? Explain the difference between RAM and ROM. Describe the various types of computers. Distinguish between primary and secondary storage 13 1) 1) 1) 1) Processing subsystem Motherboard: chipset that all components connect to Two major components in processing subsys. CPU (Central Processing Unit) or Processor(s) Primary Storage: Random Access Memory (RAM) Read Only Memory (ROM) CPU Busses that transfer data Primary Storage 14 Central Processing Unit Processor Clock Clock: generate time that synchronize other components ICU: Fetches instructions from RAM ALU: Execute instructions (arithmetic & logic operations) Registers: Store control information, data, intermediate results Instruction Control Unit Arithmetic Logic Unit Registers 15 Primary Storage Computer's memory stored on semiconductor chips Two categories: RAM (Random Access Memory) which is volatile ROM (ReadOnly Memory) which is nonvolatile Synchronous Dynamic RAM (SDRAM) Double Data Rate SDRAM or DDR SDRAM Capacity in Megabytes (MB) or Gigabytes (GB) Primary Storage RAM Program Data RAM holds running programs and the data they use ROM contains critical programs such as those that boot the computer 16 ROM Front Side Bus and Northbridge CPU Front Side Bus Northbridge (Memory Controller) RAM AGP Video Card PCI bus Southbridge (Memory Controller) FSB: bidirectional data bus carrying data b/w CPU and Northbridge FSB speed is measured in Hz; e.g. 800 MHz FSB Real Time Clock USB Other devices 17 Terminology Dot pitch Pixel Screen resolution 18 Make sure you can answer Hardware Review Questions answered in class and posted to the Review section of the course website. 19 Software 20 Summary Questions 1) What are the two main types of software? 2) What are the three types of systems software? 3) What are the main functions of an operating system? 1) 1) 1) (a) Name some Operating Systems. (b) Name some Application software programs. What does Multiprogramming mean? Virtual memory? What are utility programs used for? In addition, make sure you can answer Software Review Questions answered in class and posted to the Review section of the course website. 21 Relationship of software to hardware 22 Main Types of Software Application software Programs that allow users to accomplish specific tasks Examples Word processing Web browser Tax preparation Data management Desktop publishing Email Groupware Presentation graphics Programming editors Spreadsheet 23 Operating Systems (OS) Software platform on which other programs run Provides a connection between application programs and the computer hardware Major tasks Starting the computer Managing files Managing Programs and Memory (RAM) Keeping track of where files are located Maintaining a table of file entries Etc. Ensuring security Providing a user interface Sending programs to the CPU Allocating primary storage (RAM) to programs Controlling devices that programs requires 24 OS: Multiprogramming 25 OS: Virtual Memory A technique that "extends" primary memory (RAM) by using secondary storage devices Needed when there is not enough RAM to hold programs 26 Utility Software Accomplish common tasks and maintenance jobs Disk Defragmentation, Disk Optimization Virus protection Edit the Windows registry Remove Web cookies from HDD Encrypt data File and data recovery Spyware Program Uninstaller 27 Database Systems 28 Summary Questions Notes 1) What is a table, a field, a record, a primary key, a composite key? 2) What are the problems with traditional file systems? 3) What are the major components of a DBMS? 1) 1) 1) (a) Name some Desktop DBMSs. (b) Name some Enterprise DBMSs. What are the differences between Flat File and Relational database models? What are the steps for Database development? In addition, make sure you can answer Hardware Review Questions answered in class and posted to the Review section of the course website. 29 Basic Concepts of Data Management Accounts table AccountID 660001 660002 660003 Customer John Smith Linda Martin Paul Graham Type Checking Saving Checking Balance $120.00 $9450.00 $3400.00 Each table has: Fields Records 1 Primary key Table Field Twodimensional structure composed of rows and columns Like a column in a spreadsheet Like a column name in a spreadsheet Examples: AccountID, Customer, Type, Balance Actual data for the field Set of fields that describe an entity (a person, an account, etc.) A field, or group of fields, that uniquely identifies a record Field name Field values Record Primary key 30 Basic Concepts in Data Management A Primary key could be a single field like in this table A Primary key could be a composite key, i.e. multiple fields 31

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