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Graduate CS252 Computer Architecture I/O Introduction: Storage Devices & RAID Jason Hill 2/7/02 CS252/Culler Lec 6.1 Motivation: Who Cares About I/O? CPU Performance: 60% per year I/O system performance limited by mechanical delays (disk I/O) < 10% per year (IO per sec) Amdahl's Law: system speed-up limited by the slowest part! 10% IO & 10x CPU => 5x Performance (lose 50%) 10%...
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Graduate CS252 Computer Architecture
I/O Introduction: Storage Devices & RAID
Jason Hill
2/7/02
CS252/Culler Lec 6.1
Motivation: Who Cares About I/O?
CPU Performance: 60% per year I/O system performance limited by mechanical delays (disk I/O) < 10% per year (IO per sec) Amdahl's Law: system speed-up limited by the slowest part! 10% IO & 10x CPU => 5x Performance (lose 50%) 10% IO & 100x CPU => 10x Performance (lose 90%) I/O bottleneck: Diminishing fraction of time in CPU Diminishing value of faster CPUs
2/7/02
CS252/Culler Lec 6.2
Big Picture: Who cares about CPUs?
Why still important to keep CPUs busy vs. IO devices ("CPU time"), as CPUs not costly?
Moore's Law leads to both large, fast CPUs but also to very small, cheap CPUs 2001 Hypothesis: 600 MHz PC is fast enough for Office Tools? PC slowdown since fast enough unless games, new apps?
People care more about about storing information and communicating information than calculating
"Information Technology" vs. "Computer Science" 1960s and 1980s: Computing Revolution 1990s and 2000s: Information Age
Next 3 weeks on storage and communication
CS252/Culler Lec 6.3
2/7/02
I/O Systems
Processor
interrupts
Cache
Memory - I/O Bus Main Memory I/O Controller Disk Disk I/O Controller Graphics I/O Controller Network
2/7/02
CS252/Culler Lec 6.4
Storage Technology Drivers
Driven by the prevailing computing paradigm
1950s: migration from batch to on-line processing 1990s: migration to ubiquitous computing computers in phones, books, cars, video cameras, ... nationwide fiber optical network with wireless tails
Effects on storage industry:
Embedded storage smaller, cheaper, more reliable, lower power Data utilities high capacity, hierarchically managed storage
2/7/02
CS252/Culler Lec 6.5
Outline
Disk Basics Disk History Disk options in 2000 Disk fallacies and performance FLASH Tapes RAID
2/7/02
CS252/Culler Lec 6.6
Disk Device Terminology
Arm Head Inner Outer Sector Track Track Platter
Actuator
Several platters, with information recorded magnetically on both surfaces (usually) corde in tracks, which in turn ...
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Berkeley - DAY - 1
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TOTREG 171,695DEMREG 86,986REPREG 51,124LIBREG 775AIPREG 3,612GRNREG 970REFREG 687NLPREG 150DCLREG 0,000MSCREG 0,000
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Berkeley - P - 02
TOTREG 332,357DEMREG 167,817REPREG 90,218LIBREG 1,846AIPREG 6,057GRNREG 3,605REFREG 1,137NLPREG 587DCLREG 0,000MSCREG 0,000
Berkeley - P - 02
TOTREG 43,746DEMREG 16,972REPREG 20,443LIBREG 132AIPREG 1,060GRNREG 85REFREG 97NLPREG 61DCLREG 0,000MSCREG 0,000
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TOTREG 30,472DEMREG 12,253REPREG 13,103LIBREG 190AIPREG 809GRNREG 289REFREG 200NLPREG 24DCLREG 0,000MSCREG 0,000
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TOTREG 621,144DEMREG 262,714REPREG 255,113LIBREG 3,148AIPREG 15,494GRNREG 2,237REFREG 2,857NLPREG 1,008DCLREG 0,000MSCREG 0,000
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TOTREG 48,335DEMREG 25,375REPREG 13,191LIBREG 206AIPREG 1,065GRNREG 126REFREG 79NLPREG 75DCLREG 0,000MSCREG 0,000
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TOTREG 231,595DEMREG 116,975REPREG 67,077LIBREG 1,648AIPREG 4,426GRNREG 6,559REFREG 1,080NLPREG 272DCLREG 0,000MSCREG 0,000
Berkeley - P - 02
TOTREG 321,409DEMREG 132,662REPREG 145,535LIBREG 1,332AIPREG 6,002GRNREG 1,445REFREG 804NLPREG 316DCLREG 0,000MSCREG 0,000
Berkeley - P - 02
TOTREG 598,272DEMREG 273,472REPREG 213,130LIBREG 3,282AIPREG 13,351GRNREG 5,450REFREG 2,501NLPREG 801DCLREG 0,000MSCREG 0,000
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University of Louisiana at Lafayette - FDD - 5501
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