B. CONTRACEPTION
John Pryor, Ph.D. ILLINOIS STATE UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY
Who needs contraception?
3
62 million U.S. women in childbearing years (15-44) 3 Of these 7 out of 10 are sexually active and do not want to become pregnant 3 Typical U.S. woman wants 2 children and therefore must use contraceptives for 3 decades of her life
Source: Alan Guttmacher Institute 2006
Who uses contraception?
3
98% of U.S. women who have had sex have used at least one form of contraception 3 89% of women who do not want to become pregnant are using some form of contraception
Method choice varies by age
3
For women younger than 30, the pill is the leading method 3 By the time women reach 35, sterilization is more common
Source: Alan Guttmacher Institute 2006
Contraceptive method choice among U.S. women who practiced contraception in 2002
1.2
0.9 0.3 0.4 1.2 2
Pill Tubal sterilization Male condom Vasectomy 3month injectable Withdrawal IUD Calendar Implant, 1mon injectable, patch Periodic abstinence Diaphragm Other
18 9.2 5.3
4
30.6
27
Survey of 38,109 U.S. women
Source: Alan Guttmacher Institute 2006
What do college students use for contraception?
26.8 1.4 8.3
Form of Contraceptive Used by Illinois College Females the Last Time They Had Sexual Intercourse
7.3
29.5
19.1
7.6
No sex Nothing or not sure Birth control pills Condoms Diaphram or sponge Withdrawal Some other method
32.7 2.5 8.4
Form of Contraceptive Used by Illinois College Males the Last Time They Had Sexual Intercourse
4.5
22.8
20.4
No sex Nothing or not sure Birth control pills Condoms Diaphram or sponge Withdrawal Some other method
8.6
Some facts about common forms of contraception.....
Methods of Birth Control typical failure rates
0.00% - Abstinence 0.15% - Sterilization - Males 0.50% - Sterilization - Females 27.0% - Withdrawal 85.0% - No Method
Depo-Provera
Depo-Provera is a synthetic hormone that is injected into the buttock or arm every 12 weeks. The hormone keeps the ovaries from releasing eggs. It also thickens the cervical mucus. This keeps sperm from joining with an egg.
Typical failure rate = 3%
The Intrauterine Device (IUD)
IUDs are small devices made of plastic that contain copper or a natural hormone. IUDs usually work by preventing fertilization of the egg. They also may work by affecting the way sperm or eggs move or by affecting the lining of the uterus in ways that prevent implantation.
Typical failure rate = 0.10.8%
The Pill
Combined pills keep the ovaries from releasing eggs (ovulation). Minipills can also prevent ovulation. But they work mainly by thickening the cervical mucus. This prevents the sperm from joining with the egg. Mini-pills may also prevent fertilized eggs from implanting in the uterus. Typical failure rate = 8%
Birth Control Patch The contraceptive patch contains hormones similar to those in birth control pills.
You must change your patch once a week for three consecutive weeks. You do not need to apply a patch during the fourth week.
Typical failure rate = 1.3%
The Ring
The vaginal contraceptive ring consists of a flexible, transparent, colorless vaginal ring about 2.1 inches in diameter containing the hormones etonogestrel and ethinyl estradiol, which are similar to the active ingredients in some oral contraceptives. After the ring is inserted, it releases a continuous low dose of the hormones. A new ring is used each month for continuous contraception A woman inserts the ring herself, and it should remain in the vagina for three weeks. She then removes the ring for one week during which she will have her menstrual period.
. .
Typical failure rate = 5%
The Condom
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barrier method 3 added protection if used with spermicide 3 reccomended - model latex with reservoir tip 3 use water-based lubricants only
Typical failure rate = 15%
Putting on a condom
Put a drop or two of lubricant inside the condom. Place the rolled condom over the tip of the hard penis. Leave a half-inch space at the tip to collect semen. If not circumcised, pull back the foreskin before rolling on the condom.
Putting on a condom (continued)
Pinch the air out of the tip with one hand. (Friction against air bubbles causes most condom breaks.) Unroll the condom over the penis with the other hand. Roll it all the way down to the base of the penis. Smooth out any air bubbles. Lubricate the outside of the condom.
Cervical Cap
The Diaphragm & Cervical Cap
Diaphram
Diaphragms and cervical caps are soft rubber barriers that are intended to fit securely over the cervix. Both are used with a spermicide cream or jelly. Each blocks the entrance to the uterus, and the jelly or cream immobilizes sperm, preventing it from joining the egg. Typical failure rate =16-32%
Female Condom
Typical failure rate = 21%
Foam, Jelly, Film, Suppository
3
contain spermicide 3 barrier method 3 must be reapplied for each subsequent intercourse
Typical failure rate = 29%
Fertility Awareness Methods
3
trying to predict peak fertility times & avoiding intercourse during those times 3 three methods of prediction 3 basal body temperature method 3 cervical mucus method Typical 3 calendar or "rhythm" method failure rate = 25%
Emergency Contraception
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Post-Coital Contraceptives
morning after pill (e.g., Preven & Plan B)
- Emergency contraception (EC) consists of the same hormones found in ordinary birth control pills.
3
within 72 hours of unprotected intercourse Side-effects: nausea, vomiting, and cramping 20-25% become pregnant Like regular contraceptive pills, Plan B generally acts by preventing ovulation or fertilization, according to the F.D.A. Plan B may in rare circumstances prevent a fertilized egg from becoming implanted, something abortion opponents decry. But regular oral contraceptives do that, too.
Emergency Contraception
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced on August 24, 2006 the approval of Plan B as an over-thecounte...